Texas

===Energy===
{{see also|Deregulation of the Texas electricity market|Economy of Texas#Energy}}
Ever since the discovery of oil at [[Spindletop]], energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.<ref name="AlmanacOil">{{cite web |last=Ramos |first=Mary G. |url=http://texasalmanac.com/topics/business/oil-and-texas-cultural-history |title=Oil and Texas: A Cultural History |access-date=July 3, 2018 |website=Texas Almanac 2000–2001 |publisher=The Texas State Historical Association|date=November 29, 2017}}</ref> If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth-largest oil producer in the world according to a 2014 study.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 Most Oil-Rich States |author=Alexander Kent |newspaper=24/7 Wall Street |date=July 28, 2014 |url=http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/07/28/the-10-most-oil-rich-states/4/ |access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Railroad Commission of Texas]] regulates the state's [[oil industry|oil and gas industry]], gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the [[liquefied petroleum gas]] industry, and surface coal and [[uranium]] mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.<ref name="RRcommission">{{cite Handbook of Texas |id=mdr01 |title=Railroad Commission |first=David F. |last=Prindle |date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>

As of January 1, 2021, Texas has [[Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification|proved recoverable petroleum reserves]] of about {{convert|15.6|Goilbbl|m3}} of [[Petroleum|crude oil]] (44% of the known U.S. reserves) and {{convert|9.5|Goilbbl|m3}} of [[Natural-gas condensate|natural gas liquids]].<ref name="Petrol" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Texas Profile |url=https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=TX |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=eia.gov}}</ref> The state's [[Oil refinery|refineries]] can process {{convert|5.95|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil a day.<ref name="Petrol" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[Port Arthur Refinery]] in Southeast Texas is the largest refinery in the U.S.<ref name="Petrol" /> Texas is also a leader in [[natural gas]] production at {{convert|28.8|Gcuft|m3}} per day, some 32% of the nation's production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rrc.texas.gov/oil-and-gas/research-and-statistics/production-data/texas-monthly-oil-gas-production/|title=Texas Monthly Oil & Gas Production|website=rrc.texas.gov}}</ref> Texas has {{convert|102.4|Tcuft|m3}} of gas reserves which is 23% of the nation's gas reserves.<ref name="Petrol" /><ref name=":3" /> Many [[List of petroleum companies|petroleum companies]] are based in Texas such as: [[ConocoPhillips]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.conocophillips.com/contact-us/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=ConocoPhillips}}</ref> [[EOG Resources]], [[ExxonMobil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact us directory|url=https://corporate.exxonmobil.com:443/Company/Contact-us/Directory|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=ExxonMobil}}</ref> [[Halliburton]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporate Officers – Halliburton|url=https://www.halliburton.com/en-US/about-us/corporate-governance/corporate-officers.html|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=halliburton.com}}</ref> Hilcorp, [[Marathon Oil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.marathonoil.com/about/contact-us/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Marathon Oil|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Occidental Petroleum]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.oxy.com/Information/Pages/Contact-Us.aspx |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=oxy.com}}</ref> [[Pioneer Natural Resources]], [[Tesoro Corporation|Tesoro]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tesoro Headquarters Building I, San Antonio |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/308726/tesoro-headquarters-building-i-san-antonio-tx-usa|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=emporis.com}}</ref> [[Valero Energy]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.valero.com/contact-us|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Valero}}</ref> and [[Western Refining]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Refining|url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.western_refining_inc.eb51b8a369f31725ac87f78225d4ff95.html|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=dnb.com}}</ref>

According to the [[Energy Information Administration]], Texans consume, on average, the fifth most energy (of all types) in the nation per capita and as a whole, following behind Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa.<ref name="Petrol">{{cite web |title=Petroleum Profile: Texas |publisher=Energy Information Administration |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX |access-date=December 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204233946/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own [[alternating current]] [[power grid]], the [[Texas Interconnection]]. Texas has a [[Deregulation of the Texas electricity market|deregulated]] electric service. Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production, generating 437,236 MWh in 2014, 89% more MWh than Florida, which ranked second.<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas State Energy Profile: Electricity |url=http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=TX |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |access-date=July 23, 2015 |quote=Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the next largest generating state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Electricity Data Browser: Net generation from electricity plants for all fuels, annual |url=https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0 |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration]]}}</ref>

The state is a leader in [[renewable energy commercialization]]; it produces the most [[wind power in Texas|wind power]] in the nation.<ref name="Petrol" /><ref name="wind2">{{cite web |last=Souder |first=Elizabeth |title=Texas leads nation in wind power capacity |website=The Dallas Morning News |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/011808dnbuswindpower.30c78959.html |access-date=January 19, 2008 |archive-date=December 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202012437/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/011808dnbuswindpower.30c78959.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014, 10.6% of the electricity consumed in Texas came from [[wind turbine]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/stacy-clark/hold-onto-your-bonnets-br_b_7596854.html |title=Hold Onto Your Bonnets! Breezes and Sunshine to Power Georgetown, TX |first=Stacy |last=Clark |work=Huffington Post |date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> The [[Roscoe Wind Farm]] in [[Roscoe, Texas]], is one of the world's largest [[wind farm]]s with a 781.5 [[megawatt]] (MW) capacity.<ref name="RoscoeWind">{{cite news |last=O'Grady |first=Eileen |title=E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3023624320091001 |access-date=August 26, 2010 |work=Reuters |date=October 1, 2009}}</ref> The Energy Information Administration states the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount of [[biomass]] for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest [[solar power]] potential for development in the U.S.<ref name="Petrol" />