Science

=== Learned societies ===
[[File:200_y_Anniversary_of_Berlin_Academy_1900.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Picture of scientists in 200th anniversary of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], 1900|left]]
[[Learned society|Learned societies]] for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance.<ref>{{cite web | last= Parrott | first= Jim | date= August 9, 2007 | url= http://www.scholarly-societies.org/1599andearlier.html | title=Chronicle for Societies Founded from 1323 to 1599 | publisher= Scholarly Societies Project | access-date= September 11, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140106185404/http://www.scholarly-societies.org/1599andearlier.html | archive-date= January 6, 2014 }}</ref> Many scientists belong to a learned society that promotes their respective scientific discipline, [[profession]], or group of related disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/|title= The Environmental Studies Association of Canada – What is a Learned Society?|access-date= May 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130529163615/http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/|archive-date= May 29, 2013}}</ref> Membership may either be open to all, require possession of scientific credentials, or conferred by election.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url= http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm|title= Learned societies & academies|access-date= May 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140603140851/http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm|archive-date= June 3, 2014}}</ref> Most scientific societies are non-profit organizations,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=Learned Societies, the key to realising an open access future? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Impact of Social Sciences|publisher=London School of Economics}}</ref> and many are [[professional association]]s. Their activities typically include holding regular [[academic conference|conferences]] for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring [[academic journal]]s in their discipline. Some societies act as [[professional bodies]], regulating the activities of their members in the public interest, or the collective interest of the membership.

The professionalization of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of national distinguished [[academy of sciences|academies of sciences]] such as the Italian {{lang|it|[[Accademia dei Lincei]]}} in 1603,<ref>{{cite web | year=2006 | url= http://positivamente.lincei.it/ | title= Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei | language=it | access-date= September 11, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100228005402/http://positivamente.lincei.it/ | archive-date= February 28, 2010 }}</ref> the British [[Royal Society]] in 1660,<ref name="pw">{{cite web |date=July 7, 2004 |title=Prince of Wales opens Royal Society's refurbished building |url=http://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales |access-date=December 7, 2009 |publisher=The Royal Society |archive-date=April 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409010143/https://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1666,<ref>{{cite web | first= G.G. | last= Meynell | url= http://www.haven.u-net.com/6text_7B2.htm#Appendix%202 | title= The French Academy of Sciences, 1666–91: A reassessment of the French Académie royale des sciences under Colbert (1666–83) and Louvois (1683–91) | access-date= October 13, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118174108/http://www.haven.u-net.com/6text_7B2.htm#Appendix%202 | archive-date= January 18, 2012 }}</ref> the American [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1863,<ref>{{cite web |author=ITS |title=Founding of the National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |access-date=March 12, 2012 |publisher=.nationalacademies.org |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203154802/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/nasfounding.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the German [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]] in 1911,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1911) |url=https://www.mpg.de/946619/5_event2-1911 |access-date=May 30, 2022 |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |language=en |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302052520/https://www.mpg.de/946619/5_event2-1911 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/201501/t20150114_135284.shtml |access-date=May 31, 2022 |website=Chinese Academy of Sciences |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331215338/https://english.cas.cn/about_us/introduction/201501/t20150114_135284.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> International scientific organizations, such as the [[International Science Council]], are devoted to [[international cooperation]] for science advancement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2018 |title=Two main Science Councils merge to address complex global challenges |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/two-main-science-councils-merge-address-complex-global-challenges |access-date=October 21, 2018 |publisher=UNESCO |language=en |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712044005/https://en.unesco.org/news/two-main-science-councils-merge-address-complex-global-challenges |url-status=live }}</ref>