Rome

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Rome|List of tourist attractions in Rome}}
[[File:The_Spanish_Steps,_Rome_(47509253002).jpg|thumb|[[Fontana della Barcaccia]] in [[Piazza di Spagna]], the [[Spanish Steps]] and [[Trinità dei Monti]]]]
[[File:Empty_Piazza_Navona_(85148359).jpeg|thumb|[[Piazza Navona]]]]
[[File:Vatican Museums Spiral Staircase 2012.jpg|thumb|right|{{As of|2022}}, the [[Vatican Museums]] are the [[List of most visited art museums|second most visited art museum]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheshire |first1=Lee |last2=da Silva |first2=José |title=The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling? |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – [[Capitoline Museums]], [[Vatican Museums|the Vatican Museums]] and the {{lang|it|[[Galleria Borghese]]|italic=no}} and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]], [[fountain]]s, churches, [[palace]]s, historical buildings, the [[monument]]s and ruins of the [[Roman Forum]], and the [[Catacombs]]. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10&nbsp;million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4&nbsp;million tourists) and the [[Vatican Museums]] (4.2&nbsp;million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<ref name="itvnews.tv">{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Visited Places in The World |website=itvnews.tv |date=2 October 2009 |url=http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-date=2 October 2009 | url-status=dead | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of [[archaeology|archaeological research]]. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the [[American Academy in Rome]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture |publisher=Romanculture.org |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |title=Isvroma.it |publisher=Isvroma.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182423/http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Rome contains numerous [[List of ancient monuments in Rome|ancient sites]], including the [[Roman Forum|Forum Romanum]], [[Trajan's Market]], [[Trajan's Forum]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trajan's Glorious Forum |magazine=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |author=James E. Packer |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216035602/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> the [[Colosseum]], and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], to name but a few. The [[Colosseum]], arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a [[Wonders of the World|wonder of the world]].<ref name=brewers>I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |title=America, the Land We Love |last1=Miller |first1=Francis Trevelyan |last2=Wilson |first2=Woodrow |last3=Taft |first3=William Howard Taft |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |publisher=W. T. Blaine |year=1915 |page=201 |oclc=679498513 |author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller |author-link2=Woodrow Wilson |author-link3=William Howard Taft |author-link4=Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111825/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, [[fountain]]s, [[mosaic]]s, [[fresco]]s, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important [[Roman art]] such as [[Architecture of ancient Rome|architecture]], painting, sculpture and [[mosaic]] work. [[Metalworking|Metal-work]], [[coin die]] and gem engraving, [[ivory carving]]s, figurine glass, [[Ancient Roman pottery|pottery]], and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331 |last=Toynbee |first=J.M.C. |date=December 1971 |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |issn=0009-840X |jstor=708631|s2cid=163488573 }}</ref> Rome later became a major centre of [[Renaissance]] art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose [[basilica]]s, [[palace]]s, [[piazza]]s and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to [[Florence]], and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and [[Venice]]. The city was affected greatly by the [[Italian Baroque|baroque]], and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci|Carracci]], [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]] and [[Pietro da Cortona|Cortona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |title=Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211) |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094548/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |archive-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the [[Grand Tour]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings |author=Matt Rosenberg |publisher=About.com |url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about [[Culture of ancient Rome|ancient Roman culture]], art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini|Pannini]] and [[Bernardo Bellotto]]. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |title=The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History |publisher=Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094628/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and museums.

Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as [[MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts]] it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo |publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside [[Renzo Piano]]'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditorium.com/ |title=Auditorium Parco della Musica |publisher=Auditorium.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Massimiliano Fuksas]]' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pelati |first1=Manuela |title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016 |url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |access-date=5 December 2015 |work={{Lang|it|Corriere della Sera}} |date=30 September 2015 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.