Research

== Publishing ==
[[File:Nature cover, November 4, 1869.jpg|thumb|Cover of the first issue of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 4 November 1869]]
[[Academic publishing]] is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to [[peer review]] the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine.
Most established [[List of academic disciplines|academic fields]] have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many [[academic journal]]s are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/Armstrong/Replications.pdf| title = Replication Research in Marketing Revisited: A Note on a Disturbing Trend| author = Heiner Evanschitzky, Carsten Baumgarth, Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong| year = 2006| access-date = 10 January 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620220043/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/Armstrong/Replications.pdf| archive-date = 20 June 2010| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/On%20the%20interpretation%20of%20factor%20analysis.pdf | title = On the Interpretation of Factor Analysis | author1 = J. Scott Armstrong | author2 = Peer Soelberg | name-list-style = amp | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 361–364 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1037/h0026434 | s2cid = 25687243 | access-date = 11 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621000352/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/On%20the%20interpretation%20of%20factor%20analysis.pdf | archive-date = 21 June 2010 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Business model]]s are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is [[Open access (publishing)|open access]].<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/Armstrong/MakingProgressinForecasting.pdf | title = Monetary Incentives in Mail Surveys | author1 = J. Scott Armstrong | author2 = Robert Fildes | name-list-style = amp | journal = International Journal of Forecasting | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–441 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.007 | s2cid = 154398140 | access-date = 11 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620211539/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/Armstrong/MakingProgressinForecasting.pdf | archive-date = 20 June 2010 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and [[self-archiving]], where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.