Reason

====Behavioral experiments on human reasoning====
Experimental cognitive psychologists carry out research on reasoning behaviour. Such research may focus, for example, on how people perform on tests of reasoning such as [[Intelligence tests|intelligence]] or [[IQ]] tests, or on how well people's reasoning matches ideals set by logic (see, for example, the [[Wason test]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Manktelow|first=K.I.|year=1999|title=Reasoning and Thinking (Cognitive Psychology: Modular Course)|location=Hove, Sussex|publisher=Psychology Press}}</ref> Experiments examine how people make inferences from conditionals like ''if A then B'' and how they make inferences about alternatives like ''A or else B''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson-Laird|first1=P.N.|last2=Byrne|first2=R.M.J.|year=1991|title=Deduction|location=Hillsdale|publisher=Erlbaum}}</ref> They test whether people can make valid deductions about spatial and temporal relations like ''A is to the left of B'' or ''A happens after B'', and about quantified assertions like ''all the A are B''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson-Laird|first1=P.N.|year=2006|title=How we reason|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Experiments investigate how people make inferences about factual situations, hypothetical possibilities, probabilities, and [[counterfactual thinking|counterfactual]] situations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=R.M.J.|year=2005|title=The Rational Imagination: How People Create Counterfactual Alternatives to Reality|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=MIT Press}}</ref>