Philippines

=== Transportation ===
[[File:Traditional and modern jeepneys in Diliman, Quezon City on March 16, 2023.jpg|thumb|alt=Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other|Traditional ''(left)'' and modern [[jeepney]]s in [[Quezon City]]. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program|gradually being phased out]] in favor of eco-friendly [[European emission standards|Euro 4]]-compliant vehicles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malasique |first1=Arion Mari P. |last2=Rubio |first2=Windsor Redz C. |last3=Rosete |first3=Marie Antoinette L. |title=Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research |date=February 4, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45, 48 |url=https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/view/250/190 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |issn=2722-8878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050528/https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/download/250/190/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref>]]

[[Transportation in the Philippines]] is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<ref name="ADBOrg-PH-Transport">{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |title=Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map |date=2012 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9092-855-3 |pages=1–2 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210126/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> In December 2018, there were {{convert|210528|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the country.<ref>{{cite report|date=February 22, 2019 |title=Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies |url=https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=Investor Relations Office |publisher=[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Department of Public Works and Highways]] |page=2}}</ref> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-26-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152e 152]}}</ref> Inter-island transport is by the {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]], an integrated set of highways and [[ferry]] routes linking 17 cities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Odchimar |first1=Anita II |last2=Hanaoka |first2=Shinya |title=Intermodal Road-RoRo Transport in the Philippines, its Development and Position in the Domestic Shipping |journal=Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |date=2015 |volume=11 |pages=741–746 |doi=10.11175/easts.11.739 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |issn=1881-1124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102758/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |via=[[J-STAGE]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |title=Bridges across Oceans: Initial Impact Assessment of the Philippines Nautical Highway System and Lessons for Southeast Asia |date=April 2010 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-561-896-0 |pages=11–17 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225182806/https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[Jeepney]]s are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496|name=496–497}}}} other public land transport includes [[List of bus companies of the Philippines|buses]], [[UV Express]], {{abbr|TNVS|transport network vehicle service}}, Filcab, [[Taxis of the Philippines|taxi]]s, and [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Department of Transportation |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |title=Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual |volume=1 |last2=Department of the Interior and Local Government |last3=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board |date=October 2017 |pages=7, 16 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020|author1-link=Department of Transportation (Philippines) |author2-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author3-link=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hansen |editor-first1=Arve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ |title=Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change |series=Routledge Studies in Transport, Environment and Development |editor-last2=Nielsen |editor-first2=Kenneth Bo |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-39672-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 125]}}</ref> Traffic is a significant issue [[Traffic in Metro Manila|in Manila]] and on arterial roads to the capital.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 2017 |title=Preparing the Metro Manila Transport Project, Phase 1: Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707035400/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Santos |first=Luis Pocholo A. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of Traffic Congestion in Business Development: A Literature Review |url=https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |journal=International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=27497–27498 |issn=2321-3361 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080714/https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref>

Despite wider historical use,<ref>{{cite journal|date=1908 |title=The Railway Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ |journal=[[Railroad Gazette]] |language=en |volume=XLV |issue=5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 148]  |issn=0149-4430 |oclc=675807010}}</ref> [[rail transportation in the Philippines]] is limited<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} to [[Rail transportation in Metro Manila|transporting passengers within Metro Manila]] and the provinces of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=September 20, 2019 |title=PNR extends train trips to Los Baños |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> and [[Quezon]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Barroga |first=Gienel |date=June 26, 2022 |title=PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062944/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> with a short track in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} The country had a railway footprint of only {{convert|79|km|sp=us}} {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, which it planned to expand to {{convert|244|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Galang |first1=Vincent Mariel P. |date=June 20, 2019 |title=JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011358/https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> A revival of [[freight rail]] is planned to reduce road congestion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Yee |first=Jovic |date=March 12, 2018 |title=PNR to offer freight service soon |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |archive-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |date=October 4, 2018 |title=DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>

The Philippines had [[List of airports in the Philippines|90 national government-owned airports]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which eight are [[international airport|international]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim">{{cite journal|last1=Francisco |first1=Kris A. |last2=Lim |first2=Valerie L. |date=December 2022 |title=Philippine Air Transport Infrastructure: State, Issues, Government Strategies |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |pages=3–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074218/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]], formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the [[List of the busiest airports in the Philippines|greatest number of passengers]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim" /> The 2017<!-- see p. 149 in the supporting 2017 cite--> [[List of airlines of the Philippines|air domestic market]] was dominated by [[Philippine Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]] and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Park |first1=Seung Ho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Champions: Emerging Stalwarts in Regional Integration |last2=Ungson |first2=Gerardo Rivera |last3=Francisco |first3=Jamil Paolo S. |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-107-12900-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=About PAL |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |publisher=[[Philippine Airlines]]}}.</ref> and [[Cebu Pacific]] (the country's leading [[low-cost carrier]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC |title=The Report: Philippines 2009 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2009 |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-902339-12-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PA97 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doria |first1=Sheena DC. |last2=De Vera |first2=Leo P. Jr. |last3=Parel |first3=Danice Angelee C. |title=Business Models and Selected Performance Metrics of Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |url=https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Pangasinan State University]]-Lingayen Campus |issn=2672-2992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184736/https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref>

A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Roxas-Lim |first=Aurora |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, [[United Nations]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |pages=219–222 }}</ref> most are [[outrigger boat|double-outrigger]] vessels known as ''banca''<ref name="Aguilar-2004">{{cite book|last1=Aguilar |first1=Glenn D. |title=In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]]-[[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]] |location=Cebu City, Philippines |year=2004 |isbn=978-971-92753-4-3 |editor-last1=Silvestre |editor-first1=Geronimo |pages=118–121 |chapter=Philippine Fishing Boats |editor-last2=Green |editor-first2=Stuart J. |editor-last3=White |editor-first3=Alan T. |editor-last4=Armada |editor-first4=Nygiel |editor-last5=Luna |editor-first5=Cesar |editor-last6=Cruz-Trinidad |editor-first6=Annabelle |editor-last7=Carreon |editor-first7=Marciano F. III |chapter-url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429082453/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |via=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> or {{lang|fil|[[Bangka (boat)|bangka]]}}.<ref name="Funtecha-2000">{{cite journal|last=Funtecha |first=Henry F. |date=2000 |title=The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |publisher=[[University of San Carlos]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |issn=0115-0243 |pages=111–132 |jstor=29792457}}</ref> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<ref name="Aguilar-2004" /> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<ref name="Funtecha-2000" /> The Philippines has [[List of ports in the Philippines|over 1,800 seaports]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Juan |first=Andrea E. |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Expert presents options to resolve Philippine seaports' 'inadequacy' |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102195328/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref> of these, the principal seaports of [[Port of Manila|Manila]] (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Ali |first1=Mubarik |last2=Porciuncula |first2=Fe |title=Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food Production |date=December 1, 2001 |publisher=[[World Vegetable Center|AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center]] |isbn=978-92-9058-121-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ  |language=en}}</ref> [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic Bay|Subic Bay]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], [[Port of Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]], [[Port of General Santos|General Santos]], and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |title=Regional and subregional program links: Mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-203-0 |page=27 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates |date=March 1, 2005 |title=Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] |page=11}}</ref>
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