Nigeria

=== Agriculture ===
{{further|Agriculture in Nigeria}}
[[File:Palm nuts put out to dry.jpg|thumb|Nigerian palm nuts put out to dry]]
In 2021, about 23.4% of Nigeria's GDP is contributed by agriculture, forestry and fishing combined.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Nigeria is the world's largest producer of [[Cassava production in Nigeria|cassava]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Nigeria at a glance{{!}}FAO in Nigeria{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Further major crops include [[maize]], [[rice]], [[millet]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yam beans]], and [[Sorghum bicolor|guinea corn]] (sorghum).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria at a glance |url=https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=fao.org}}</ref> [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]] is the principal agricultural export, and one of the country's most significant non-petroleum products.<ref>{{citation |last=Cadoni |first=P. |title=Analysis of Incentives and Disincentives for Cocoa in Nigeria |date=2013 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/at586e/at586e.pdf |work=Technical notes series, MAFAP |publication-place=Rome |publisher=FAO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ibirogba |first=Femi |date=2018-12-17 |title=Stakeholders' strategies for re-awakening Nigeria's cocoa economy |url=https://guardian.ng/features/stakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |quote=“Among the six major agricultural exports of the pre-petroleum exporting years (cocoa, palm oil, palm kernel, rubber, groundnuts and cotton), cocoa is the one still standing tall in terms of non-oil exports,” [Professor Adegboyega Oguntade] said.}}</ref> Nigeria is also one of the world's top twenty exporters of [[natural rubber]], generating $20.9 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubber in Nigeria {{!}} OEC |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/rubber/reporter/nga |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref>

Before the [[Nigerian Civil War]] and the [[oil boom]], Nigeria was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ekpo |first=Akpan H. |date=1986 |title=Food dependency and the nigerian economy: an ex-post analysis, 1960-80 |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=119536714 |journal=The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=257–273 |quote=Up to 1974, the Nigerian economy was self-sufficient in the production of food. In recent years, however, Nigeria has become a net importer of basic foods.}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite journal |last1=Nwozor |first1=Agaptus |last2=Olanrewaju |first2=John Shola |last3=Ake |first3=Modupe B. |title=National Insecurity and the Challenges of Food Security in Nigeria |url=https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/2805/1/10603-Article%20Text-41107-1-10-20191221.pdf |journal=Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies |year=2019 |volume=8 |issue=4 |publisher=Richtmann Publishing |doi=10.36941/ajis-2019-0032 |s2cid=213869061 |issn=2281-3993}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Okotie |first=Sylvester |title=Chapter 5 - The Nigerian Economy Before the Discovery of Crude Oil |date=2018-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093993000057 |work=The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem |pages=71–81 |editor-last=Ndimele |editor-first=Prince E. |access-date=2023-03-26 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-809399-3}}</ref>  Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ake |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48 |title=Democracy and Development in Africa |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8157-0220-7 |page=48 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite news |date=2019-08-16 |title=Why Nigeria has restricted food imports |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49367968 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref>  It spends US$6.7 billion yearly for food imports, four times more than revenues from food export.<ref name=":2" /> The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s.<ref name="pasquini2">{{cite journal|last1=Pasquini|first1=MW|last2=Alexander|first2=MJ|date=2005|title=Soil fertility management strategies on the Jos Plateau: the need for integrating 'empirical' and 'scientific' knowledge in agricultural development|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=171|issue=2|pages=112–124|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00154.x|bibcode=2005GeogJ.171..112P }}</ref>

Nigeria's rice production increased by 10% from 2017/18 to 2021/22 to 5 million tonnes a year,<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Rice pyramids and Nigeria's production puzzle |url=https://guardian.ng/features/rice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> but could hardly keep up with the increased demand. Rice imports therefore remained constant at 2 million tonnes per year.  In August 2019, Nigeria closed its border with Benin and other neighbouring countries to stop rice smuggling into the country as part of efforts to boost local production.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2019 |title=Nigeria closes part of border with Benin to check rice smuggling |publisher=Reuters |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829113752/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but had to import husked rice, the country's staple food. - The [[Imota rice mill|rice mill in Imota]], near Lagos, is intended to handle the corresponding processing at home, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and middlemen. When fully operational at the end of 2022, the plant, the largest south of the Sahara, is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags of rice annually.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lagos today: Like Tinubu like Sanwo-Olu |url=https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref>