Nelson Mandela

== Post-presidency and final years ==

=== Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004 ===
[[File:Nelson Mandela, 2000 (4).jpg|thumb|right|Mandela visiting the [[London School of Economics]] in 2000]]

Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled ''[[Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years|The Presidential Years]]'', it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=576|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=587–588}} Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=576|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=588–589}} Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the [[Treatment Action Campaign]], he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to [[anti-retrovirals]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lodge|1y=2006|1pp=219–220|2a1=Meredith|2y=2010|2pp=584–586|3a1=Battersby|3y=2011|3pp=590–591}} Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for [[prostate cancer]] in July 2001.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=598}}<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm |title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' |date=15 August 2001 |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724084819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the [[Mandela Rhodes Foundation]] was created at [[Rhodes House]], [[University of Oxford]], to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the [[46664 (concerts)|46664 campaign]] against HIV/AIDS.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|pp=589–590}} He gave the closing address at the [[XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000|XIII International AIDS Conference]] in Durban in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html |title=Closing Ceremony |first=Pablo |last=Tebas |date=13 July 2000 |publisher=The Body |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508133609/http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2004, spoke at the [[XV International AIDS Conference, 2004|XV International AIDS Conference]] in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Hogg |title=Mandela urges action to fight TB |work=BBC News|date=15 July 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3895525.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040718030822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3895525.stm |archive-date=18 July 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son [[Makgatho Mandela|Makgatho]]'s death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/mandela-arrived-late-to-the-fight-against-hiv-aids/article548193/ |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |date=5 December 2013 |title=Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418160048/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nelson-mandela/mandela-arrived-late-to-the-fight-against-hiv-aids/article548193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999 [[War in Kosovo|NATO intervention in Kosovo]] and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html |title=Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq |agency=Reuters |last=Weir |first=Keith |date=13 April 2003 |publisher=Derechos.org |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514125430/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a [[war in Iraq]], describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US president [[George W. Bush]] and British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] (whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is [[Iraqi oil]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=Jarrett |last=Murphy |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq |title=Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq |publisher=CBS News |date=30 January 2003 |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115202751/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq/ |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America", citing the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Japan]]; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|pp=591–592}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2228971.stm |title=Mandela warns Bush over Iraq |date=1 September 2002 |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 October 2008 |first=John |last=Pienaar |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhQjsYTq?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2228971.stm |url-status=live }}; {{cite news|last=Fenton |first=Tom |publisher=CBS |title=Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq |date=30 January 2003 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhQr4N5U?url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in [[Barlinnie prison]] and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution".{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=593}}

=== "Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013 ===
[[File:George W. Bush and Nelson Mandela - walking - Oval Office - May 17 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Mandela and US president [[George W. Bush]] in the [[Oval Office]], 2005]]
In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you."{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=593|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2p=598}} Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and denied most interview requests.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=598}}

He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust,<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|title=Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa |first=Allison |last=Keyes |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4654914 |publisher=NPR |date=17 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225025/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4654914 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> travelling to the United States to speak before the [[Brookings Institution]] and the [[NAACP]] on the need for economic assistance to Africa.<ref name=NPR/><ref name=LAT>{{cite news |title=The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo |first=Kathleen |last=Hennessey |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-mandela-20130625,0,6170889,full.story |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626044759/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-mandela-20130625,0,6170889,full.story |archive-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He spoke with US senator [[Hillary Clinton]] and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator [[Barack Obama]].<ref name=LAT/> Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president [[Robert Mugabe]] to resign over growing [[Human rights in Zimbabwe|human rights]] abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down "with residual respect and a modicum of dignity."{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=594}} That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group, [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday.<ref>{{harvnb|Battersby|2011|p=600}}; {{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19836050 |title=Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=26 May 2008 |date=20 July 2007 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhRqC1M4?url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19836050 |url-status=live }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/theelders.htm |title=Mandela launches The Elders |date=19 July 2007 |publisher=SAinfo |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhRpoERW?url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/theelders.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File: Nelson Mandela - full (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mandela receiving the freedom of the city of [[Tshwane]], 2008]]

Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008; a [[Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute|tribute concert]] was held in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hyde-park-concert-to-mark--mandelas-90th-821776.html |title=Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th |last=Bingham |first=John |date=6 May 2008 |website=The Independent |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103443/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hyde-park-concert-to-mark--mandelas-90th-821776.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma,{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=598|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=594–597}} although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, [[Mandla Mandela]], flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2010|1p=598|2a1=Battersby|2y=2011|2pp=594–597}}

In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], declaring that there would be "few better gifts for us" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Cup 'perfect gift for SA' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3703261.stm |date=11 May 2004 |work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316182537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3703261.stm |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause.{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=600}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/11/nelson-mandela-world-cup-final |website=The Guardian |title=Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony |date=11 July 2010 |first=David |last=Batty |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724041644/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/11/nelson-mandela-world-cup-final |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants.<ref>{{cite news |last=Polgreen |first=Lydia |title=Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/africa/messy-legal-fight-over-mandela-trust-goes-public.html |website=The New York Times |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153321/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/africa/messy-legal-fight-over-mandela-trust-goes-public.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/south-african-courts-mandela-burial |title=South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2016 |date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709230415/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/03/south-african-courts-mandela-burial |archive-date=9 July 2013}}; {{cite news |last=Moreton |first=Cole |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10155807/Nelson-Mandelas-grandson-Mandla-accused-of-grave-tampering.html |title=Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering |website=The Telegraph |access-date=13 September 2016 |date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127022518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10155807/Nelson-Mandelas-grandson-Mandla-accused-of-grave-tampering.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 }}</ref>

=== Illness and death: 2011–2013 ===
{{main|Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela}}
[[File:Madiba's house 3.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the public paying their respects outside Mandela's Houghton home]]

In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a [[respiratory infection]], attracting international attention,{{sfn|Battersby|2011|p=607}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Nelson-Mandela-breathing-on-his-own-20110128 |title=Nelson Mandela 'breathing on his own' |date=18 January 2011 |website=News 24 |access-date=30 January 2011 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513113640/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Nelson-Mandela-breathing-on-his-own-20110128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> before being re-admitted for a lung infection and [[gallstone]] removal in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela has lung infection|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20677168|access-date=16 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=11 December 2012|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228152121/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20677168|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/world/africa/mandela-has-surgery-to-remove-gallstones.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0 |website=The New York Times |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhSuaglG?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/world/africa/mandela-has-surgery-to-remove-gallstones.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=1& |url-status=live |date=15 December 2012 }}</ref> After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nelson-mandela-94-responding-positively-to-treatment-in-hospital-1.1214585 |title=Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital |website=CTV News |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135607/http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nelson-mandela-94-responding-positively-to-treatment-in-hospital-1.1214585 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/9976102/Nelson-Mandela-arrives-home-in-ambulance.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408004826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/9976102/Nelson-Mandela-arrives-home-in-ambulance.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=6 April 2013|location=London|date=6 April 2013}}</ref> In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/africa/south-africa-mandela-sick/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 June 2013|date=8 June 2013|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214172235/https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/africa/south-africa-mandela-sick/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Anglican Diocese of Cape Town|Archbishop of Cape Town]] [[Thabo Makgoba]] visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel,<ref>{{cite news |author=AFP 2|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10142863/Nelson-Mandela-wished-a-peaceful-end.html |title=Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop |website=The Telegraph |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127022518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10142863/Nelson-Mandela-wished-a-peaceful-end.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23076057 |work=BBC News|access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126133047/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23076057 |archive-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=live|date=27 June 2013 }}</ref> In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela released from hospital |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/01/world/africa/nelson-mandela-hospital-release/ |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=CNN| date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094240/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/01/world/africa/nelson-mandela-hospital-release/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> although his condition remained unstable.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/09/20139185614590114.html |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114444/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/09/20139185614590114.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 [[South African Standard Time|local time]] at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family.<ref name="BBCD">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25249520 |title=South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg |date=5 December 2013 |work=BBC News|access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152143/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25249520 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela dies|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-05-nelson-mandela-dies|work=Mail & Guardian|date=5 December 2013|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024332/https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-05-nelson-mandela-dies|url-status=live}}</ref> Zuma publicly announced his death on television,<ref name="BBCD"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela.html |title=Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center |website=The New York Times |last=Polgreen |first=Lydia |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206082116/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela.html |url-status=live }}</ref> proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body [[Lying in state|lay in state]] from 11 to 13 December at the [[Union Buildings]] in Pretoria and a [[state funeral]] was held on 15 December in Qunu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillay|first=Verashni|title=Mandela's memorial service to be held on December 10|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-06-mandelas-memorial-service-to-be-held-on-december-10|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=6 December 2013|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001155946/https://mg.co.za/article/2013-12-06-mandelas-memorial-service-to-be-held-on-december-10/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vecchiatto|first1=Paul|last2=Stone|first2=Setumo|last3=Magubane|first3=Khulekani|title=Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/12/06/nelson-mandela-to-be-laid-to-rest-on-december-15|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=Business Day|location=South Africa|date=6 December 2013|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206224921/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/12/06/nelson-mandela-to-be-laid-to-rest-on-december-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mount|first=Harry|title=Nelson Mandela: the long goodbye|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10506010/Nelson-Mandela-the-long-goodbye.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10506010/Nelson-Mandela-the-long-goodbye.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 December 2013|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20&nbsp;million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to finance the funeral.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42224937|work=BBC News|date=4 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204215705/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42224937|url-status=live}}</ref> The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences,{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2014|p=917}} while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media.{{sfn|Nelson|2014|p=130}} His US$4.1&nbsp;million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-nelson-mandela-will-20140203,0,4680742.story |title=Nelson Mandela leaves $4.1-million estate to family, staff, schools |first=Robyn |last=Dixon |website=Los Angeles Times |date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127022523/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-nelson-mandela-will-20140203-story.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>