Manchester

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Manchester}}
{{See also|List of people from Manchester}}

===Music===
{{see also|Popular music of Manchester|List of music artists and bands from Manchester|Madchester}}
[[File:Oasis Liam and Noel.jpg|thumb|The Gallagher brothers of Oasis]]
Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include [[Van der Graaf Generator]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[the Smiths]], [[Joy Division]] and its successor group [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Buzzcocks]], [[the Stone Roses]], [[The Fall (band)|the Fall]], [[the Durutti Column]], [[10cc]], [[Godley & Creme]], [[the Verve]], [[Elbow (band)|Elbow]], [[Doves (band)|Doves]], [[The Charlatans (English band)|the Charlatans]], [[M People]], [[the 1975]], [[Simply Red]], [[Take That]], [[Dutch Uncles]], [[Everything Everything]], [[the Courteeners]], [[Pale Waves]], and [[the Outfield]]. Manchester was credited as the main driving force behind British [[Indie music|indie]] music of the 1980s led by the Smiths, later including the Stone Roses, [[Happy Mondays]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], and [[James (band)|James]]. The later groups came from what became known as the "[[Madchester]]" scene that also centred on [[The Haçienda]] nightclub developed by the founder of [[Factory Records]], [[Tony Wilson]]. Although from southern England, [[the Chemical Brothers]] subsequently formed in Manchester.<ref name="ChemBros">{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108091553/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/ |title=The Chemical Brothers – Alumni |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |publisher=[[University of Manchester]] |year=2005}}</ref> Former Smiths frontman [[Morrissey]], whose lyrics often refer to Manchester locations and culture, later found international success as a solo artist. Previously, notable Manchester acts of the 1960s include [[the Hollies]], [[Herman's Hermits]], and [[Davy Jones (musician)|Davy Jones]] of the [[Monkees]] (famed in the mid-1960s for their albums and their American TV show), and the earlier [[Bee Gees]], who grew up in [[Chorlton-cum-Hardy|Chorlton]].<ref name="BeeGees">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3705559.stm |title=Bee Gees go back to their roots|access-date=12 November 2007 |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040614061444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3705559.stm|archive-date=14 June 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> Prominent [[UK rap|rap]] artists from Manchester include [[Bugzy Malone]] and [[Aitch (rapper)|Aitch]].

[[File:MEN Arena, Manchester (7263927380).jpg|thumb|left|The Manchester Arena, the city's premier indoor multi-use venue and one of the [[List of indoor arenas in Europe|largest purpose-built arenas]] in Europe]]
Its main pop music venue is [[Manchester Arena]], voted "International Venue of the Year" in 2007.<ref name="MEN">{{cite web |url=http://www.pollstaronline.com/PCIA-Static/2001winners.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222758/http://www.pollstaronline.com/PCIA-Static/2001winners.htm |archive-date=12 January 2013 |title=Pollstar Concert Industry Awards Winners Archives |access-date=24 June 2007 |publisher=Pollstar Online |year=2001}}<br />{{cite news |first=Rachel |last=Brown |title=M.E.N Arena's world's top venue |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/find-things-to-do/arenas-worlds-top-venue-1000549 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026062551/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/find-things-to-do/arenas-worlds-top-venue-1000549 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |publisher=M.E.N. Media |access-date=12 August 2007 |quote=The M.E.N. Arena is the top-selling venue in the world |date=10 August 2007}}</ref> With over 21,000 seats, it is the largest arena of its type in Europe.<ref name="MEN"/> In terms of concertgoers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world, ahead of [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York and [[The O2 Arena]] in London, which are second and third busiest.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.E.N Named Most Popular Entertainment Venue on Planet |url=http://www.men-arena.com/about/?page_id=1412/ |access-date=8 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040846/http://www.men-arena.com/about/?page_id=1412%2F |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other venues include [[O2 Apollo Manchester|Manchester Apollo]], [[Albert Hall, Manchester|Albert Hall]], [[Victoria Warehouse]] and the [[Manchester Academy]]. Smaller venues include the [[Band on the Wall]], the Night and Day Café,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nightnday.org/ |title=Night & Day Café |publisher=nightnday.org |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123619/http://www.nightnday.org/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> the Ruby Lounge,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therubylounge.com/index.php/History/ |title=The Ruby Lounge: History |publisher=therubylounge.org |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324190503/http://www.therubylounge.com/index.php/history |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and The Deaf Institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thedeafinstitute.co.uk/ |title=Trof presents the Deaf Institute: café, bar and music hall |publisher=thedeafinstitute.co.uk |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200811/http://www.thedeafinstitute.co.uk/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manchester also has the most [[Independent music|indie]] and rock music events outside London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/1498/manchester-the-uks-rock-and-indie-music-capital/ |title=Manchester: the UK's rock and indie music capital |publisher=tickx.co.uk |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171544/https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/1498/manchester-the-uks-rock-and-indie-music-capital/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Manchester has two [[symphony orchestra]]s, [[The Hallé]] and the [[BBC Philharmonic]], and a [[chamber orchestra]], the Manchester Camerata. In the 1950s, the city was home to a so-called "[[New Music Manchester|Manchester School]]" of classical composers, which was composed of [[Harrison Birtwistle]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies]], David Ellis and [[Alexander Goehr]]. Manchester is a centre for musical education: the [[Royal Northern College of Music]] and [[Chetham's School of Music]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Redhead |first=Brian |title=Manchester: a Celebration |author-link=Brian Redhead |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |year=1993 |pages=60–61 |isbn=0-233-98816-5}}</ref> Forerunners of the RNCM were the [[Northern School of Music]] (founded 1920) and the [[Royal Manchester College of Music]] (founded 1893), which merged in 1973. One of the earliest instructors and classical music pianists/conductors at the RNCM, shortly after its founding, was the Russian-born [[Arthur Friedheim]], (1859–1932), who later had the music library at the famed [[Peabody Institute]] conservatory of music in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, named after him. The main classical music venue was the [[Free Trade Hall]] on Peter Street until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat [[Bridgewater Hall]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Good Venue Guide; 28 – Bridgewater Hall, Manchester |work=[[Independent on Sunday]] |date=12 April 1998}}</ref>

[[British brass band|Brass band]] music, a tradition in the north of England, is important to Manchester's musical heritage;<ref name="mif-deller">{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.co.uk/event/procession |title=Procession – Jeremy Deller |date=July 2009 |publisher=Manchester International Festival |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129212942/http://www.mif.co.uk/event/procession/ |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> some of the UK's leading bands, such as the [[Co-operative wholesale society|CWS]] Manchester Band and the [[Fairey Band]], are from Manchester and surrounding areas, and the [[Whit Friday]] brass-band contest takes place annually in the neighbouring areas of [[Saddleworth]] and [[Tameside]].

===Performing arts===
[[File:Opera House (Manchester).jpg|thumb|upright|The Opera House, one of Manchester's largest theatre venues]]
Manchester has a thriving theatre, opera and dance scene, with a number of large performance venues, including [[Manchester Opera House]], which feature large-scale touring shows and West End productions; the [[Palace Theatre, Manchester|Palace Theatre]]; and the [[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester|Royal Exchange Theatre]] in Manchester's former cotton exchange, which is the largest [[theatre in the round]] in the UK.

Smaller venues include the [[Contact Theatre]] and Z-arts in Hulme. The [[Dancehouse]] on Oxford Road is dedicated to dance productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thedancehouse.co.uk/about_us/the_dancehouse_theatre.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217073935/http://thedancehouse.co.uk/about_us/the_dancehouse_theatre.asp |archive-date=17 February 2009 |title=The Dancehouse Theatre |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=thedancehouse.co.uk}}</ref> In 2014, [[HOME (Manchester)|HOME]], a new custom-built arts complex opened. Housing two theatre spaces, five cinemas and an art exhibition space, it replaced the [[Cornerhouse]] and The [[Library Theatre]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Linton |first=Deborah |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/new-home-for-cornerhouse-and-library-theatre-903674 |title=New home for Cornerhouse and Library Theatre in £19m arts centre plan |work=Manchester Evening News |date=24 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203021952/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/new-home-for-cornerhouse-and-library-theatre-903674 |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Since 2007, the city has hosted the [[Manchester International Festival]], a biennial international [[arts festival]] with a focus on original work, which has included major new commissions by artists, including [[Bjork]]. In 2023, the festival, operated by [[Factory International]], was given a permanent home in Aviva Studios, a purpose-built multi-million pound venue designed by Rem Koolhaas from the [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://factoryinternational.org/about/ |website=Factory International |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>

===Museums and galleries===
[[File:Shackleton AEW.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)|Science and Industry Museum]]]]
Manchester's museums celebrate Manchester's Roman history, rich industrial heritage and its role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], the [[textile industry]], the Trade Union movement, [[women's suffrage]] and [[Association football|football]]. A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in [[Castlefield]].
[[File:National Football Museum, Cathedral Gardens (geograph 6944591).jpg|thumb|The [[National Football Museum]]]]
The [[Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)|Science and Industry Museum]], housed in the former [[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road railway station]], has a large collection of [[steam locomotives]], industrial machinery, aircraft and a replica of the world's first stored computer program (known as the [[Manchester Baby]]).<ref name="mosi">{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/|publisher=Science and Industry Museum}}</ref> The [[Museum of Transport in Manchester|Museum of Transport]] displays a collection of historic buses and trams.<ref name="gmts">{{cite web |url=http://www.gmts.co.uk/explore/vehicles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213222852/http://www.gmts.co.uk/explore/vehicles.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |title=Vehicle Collection |year=2007 |publisher=Greater Manchester Museum of Transport |access-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> Trafford Park in the neighbouring borough of Trafford is home to [[Imperial War Museum North]].<ref name="iwm">{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-north |work=iwm.org.uk |year=2013 |title=IWM North |author=[[Imperial War Museum]] |access-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301015442/http://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-north |archive-date=1 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Manchester Museum]] opened to the public in the 1880s, has notable [[Egyptology]] and [[natural history]] collections.<ref name="museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/history/ |title=The History of The Manchester Museum |publisher=University of Manchester |access-date=24 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627082857/http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/history/ |archive-date=27 June 2009 }}</ref>
Other exhibition spaces and museums in Manchester include [[Islington Mill]] in Salford, the [[National Football Museum]] at [[Urbis]], [[Castlefield Gallery]], the Manchester Costume Gallery at [[Platt Fields Park]], the [[People's History Museum]] and the [[Manchester Jewish Museum]].<ref name="virtualmanc">{{cite web |url=http://www.manchestereventsguide.co.uk/section/museums.html |title=Manchester Museums Guide |year=2009 |publisher=Virtual Manchester |access-date=24 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530143656/http://www.manchestereventsguide.co.uk/section/museums.html |archive-date=30 May 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Manchester Art Gallery March 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester Art Gallery]]
The municipally owned [[Manchester Art Gallery]] in Mosley Street houses a permanent collection of European painting and one of Britain's main collections of [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite]] paintings.<ref name="preraph1">{{cite web |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176 |title=The Pre-Raphaelite Collections |last=Moss |first=Richard |date=17 October 2003 |publisher=24-Hour Museum |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909020028/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="preraph2">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Edward |title=Public art collections in north-west England |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2001 |page=118 |isbn=0-85323-527-9}}</ref> In the south of the city, the [[Whitworth Art Gallery]] displays modern art, sculpture and textiles and was voted Museum of the Year in 2015.<ref name="whitworth">{{cite web |url=http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/ |title=Collection |publisher=Whitworth Gallery |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227113021/http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/ |archive-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The work of [[Stretford]]-born painter {{nowrap|[[L. S. Lowry]]}}, known for "matchstick" paintings of industrial Manchester and Salford, can be seen in the City and Whitworth Manchester galleries, and at [[the Lowry]] art centre in [[Salford Quays]] (in the neighbouring borough of Salford), which devotes a large permanent exhibition to his works.<ref name="lowry">{{cite web |url=http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/ |title=The Lowry Collection |year=2009 |publisher=The Lowry |access-date=24 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330200042/http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/ |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Gaskell House Plymouth Grove front.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gaskell House]], where Mrs Gaskell wrote most of her novels. The house is now a museum.]]
Manchester is a [[UNESCO]] [[City of Literature]] known for a "radical literary history".<ref>{{cite news |last=Royle |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature |title=A new chapter begins: Manchester named Unesco City of Literature |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112032227/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Atkinson |first=David |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour|title=A literary tour of Manchester|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001002106/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manchester in the 19th century featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought. They include [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s novel ''[[Mary Barton]]: A Tale of Manchester Life'' (1848),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml |title=Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865) |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205145033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml |archive-date=5 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and studies such as ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'' by [[Friedrich Engels]], while living and working here.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 |last=Engels |first=Fredrick |year=1892 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location=London |pages=45, 48–53 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html |via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]] |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html| archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manchester was the meeting place of Engels and [[Karl Marx]]. The two began writing ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' in [[Chetham's Library]]<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Tristram Hunt |last1=Hunt |first1=Tristram |title=The Frock Coated Communist: A Revolutionary Life |date=2 June 2009 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0713998528 |page=129 }}</ref> – founded in 1653 and claiming to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world. Elsewhere in the city, the [[John Rylands Library]] holds an extensive collection of early printing. The [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52]], believed to be the earliest extant New Testament text, is on permanent display there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=John |title=Riches of the Rylands: The Special Collections of the University of Manchester Library |date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0719096358 |edition=1st}}</ref>

{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Manchester|'Manchester' a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}
[[Letitia Landon]]'s poetical illustration ''Manchester'' to a vista over the city by G. Pickering in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, records the rapid growth of the city and its cultural importance.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA4|section=picture and poetical illustration|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

[[Charles Dickens]] is reputed to have set his novel ''[[Hard Times (novel)|Hard Times]]'' in the city, and though partly modelled on [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html |title=Charles Dickens's Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028194622/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html |archive-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gaskell penned all her novels but ''Mary Barton'' at her home in [[84 Plymouth Grove]]. Often her house played host to influential authors: Dickens, [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] and [[Charles Eliot Norton]], for example.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Nurden |first=Robert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html |archive-date=14 May 2010 |title=An ending Dickens would have liked |work=The Independent |date=26 March 2006 |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |location=London}}</ref> It is now open as a literary museum.

[[Charlotte Brontë]] began writing her novel ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' in 1846, while staying at lodgings in [[Hulme]]. She was accompanying her father [[Patrick Brontë|Patrick]], who was convalescing in the city after cataract surgery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml |title=Jane Eyre: a Mancunian? |work=[[BBC]] |date=10 October 2006 |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> She probably envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself.<ref>Alexander, Christine, and Sara L. Pearson. ''Celebrating Charlotte Brontë: Transforming Life into Literature in'' Jane Eyre. Brontë Society, 2016, p. 173.</ref> Also associated with the city is the Victorian poet and novelist [[Isabella Banks]], famed for her 1876 novel ''[[The Manchester Man (novel)|The Manchester Man]]''. Anglo-American author [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]] was born in the city's [[Cheetham Hill]] district in 1849, and wrote much of her classic children's novel ''[[The Secret Garden]]'' while visiting nearby Salford's [[Buile Hill Park]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Keeling |first=Neal |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923 |title=Derelict Buile Hill Mansion could be turned into Hilton hotel |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=3 May 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930025047/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923 |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

[[Anthony Burgess]] is among the 20th-century writers who made Manchester their home. He wrote here the [[dystopian]] satire ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' in 1962.<ref>See the essay "A Prophetic and Violent Masterpiece" by Theodore Dalrymple in "Not With a Bang but a Whimper" (2008) pp. 135–149.</ref> Dame [[Carol Ann Duffy]], [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] from 2009 to 2019, moved to the city in 1996 and lives in [[Didsbury|West Didsbury]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Forbes |first=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8 |title=Winning lines |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 August 2002 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213202550/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8|archive-date=13 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Nightlife===
The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities.<ref name=Park/> The more than 500 licensed premises<ref name=Hobbs/> in the city centre have a capacity to deal with more than {{Formatnum:250000}} visitors,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hobbs |first=Dick |url=http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608000633/http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2012 |title=Seven Deadly Sins: A new look at society through an old lens |publisher=Economic and Social Research Council |pages=24–27 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> with 110,000–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night,<ref name=Hobbs/> making Manchester the most popular city for events at 79 per thousand people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chadha |first1=Aayush |title=UK Event Data – In Review |url=https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772 |website=www.tickx.co.uk |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232544/https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The night-time economy has a value of about £100&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm |title=Guide to Manchester |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 November 2007 |date=16 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205185422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm |archive-date=5 December 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> and supports 12,000 jobs.<ref name="Hobbs">{{cite journal |last1=Hobbs |first1=Dick |last2=Winlow |first2=Simon |last3=Hadfield |first3=Philip |last4=Lister |first4=Stuart |year=2005 |title=Violent Hypocrisy: Governance and the Night-time Economy |journal=European Journal of Criminology |volume=2 |page=161 |doi=10.1177/1477370805050864 |issue=2|s2cid=145151649}}</ref>

The [[Madchester]] scene of the 1980s, from which groups including [[the Stone Roses]], the [[Happy Mondays]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[808 State]], [[James (band)|James]] and [[The Charlatans UK|the Charlatans]] emerged, was based around clubs such as [[The Haçienda]].<ref name="Hasl">{{cite book |last=Haslam |first=Dave |title=Manchester, England |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=1-84115-146-7}}</ref> The period was the subject of the movie ''[[24 Hour Party People]]''. Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organised crime at that time; Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt.<ref name=Hasl/> Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Haçienda closed in 1997.<ref name=Park/>

[[File:Canal street manchester.jpg|thumb|right|Canal Street, one of Manchester's liveliest nightspots, part of the city's gay village]]

===Gay village===
[[Public house]]s in the [[Canal Street (Manchester)|Canal Street]] area have had an LGBTQ+ clientele since at least 1940,<ref name=Park/> and now form the centre of Manchester's LGBTQ+ community. Since the opening of new bars and clubs, the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend<ref name=Park/> and has hosted a popular festival, [[Manchester Pride]], each August since 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=Europe's biggest gay festival to be held in UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=M.E.N media |date=11 February 2003 |access-date=20 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826221150/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world |archive-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>