Japanese language

=== Kogal Slang ===
In the 1990s, the traditional feminine speech patterns and stereotyped behaviors were challenged, and a popular culture of “naughty” teenage girls emerged, called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:コギャル|コギャル]]|kogyaru}}, sometimes referenced in English-language materials as “kogal”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=MILLER |first=LAURA |title=Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments |url= |journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology |year=2004 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=225–247|doi=10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225 }}</ref> Their rebellious behaviors, deviant language usage, the particular make-up called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:ガングロ|ガングロ]]|ganguro}}, and the fashion became objects of focus in the mainstream media.<ref name=":1" /> Although kogal slang was not appreciated by older generations, the ''kogyaru'' continued to create terms and expressions.<ref name=":1" /> Kogal culture also changed Japanese norms of gender and the Japanese language.<ref name=":1" />