Crucifixion

== Notable crucifixions ==
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*The rebel slaves of the [[Third Servile War]]: Between 73 and 71 BCE, a band of slaves, eventually numbering about 120,000, under the (at least partial) leadership of [[Spartacus]] were in open revolt against the [[Roman republic]]. The rebellion was eventually crushed and, while Spartacus himself most likely died in the final battle of the revolt, approximately 6,000 of his followers were crucified along the 200-km [[Appian Way]] between Capua and Rome<ref name="Ref-1">Appian, ''Civil Wars'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#120 1:120].</ref> as a warning to any other would-be rebels.
* [[Jehohanan]]: Jewish man who was crucified around the same time as Jesus; it is widely accepted that his ankles were nailed to the side of the ''stipes'' of the cross.
*[[Jesus]]: [[Crucifixion of Jesus|His death by crucifixion]] under [[Pontius Pilate]] (c.&nbsp;30 or 33&nbsp;CE), recounted in the four 1st-century canonical [[Gospel]]s, is referred to repeatedly as something well known in the earlier letters of [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], for instance, five times in his First Letter to the Corinthians, written in 57 CE (1:13, 1:18, 1:23, 2:2, 2:8). Pilate, the Roman governor of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judaea province]] at the time, is explicitly linked with the condemnation of Jesus by the Gospels, and [[Tacitus on Jesus|subsequently]] by [[Tacitus]].<ref>''Annals'', 15.44.</ref> The civil charge was a claim to be [[Jesus, King of the Jews|King of the Jews]].
*[[Saint Peter]]: Christian apostle, who according to tradition was crucified upside-down at his own request (hence the [[Cross of Saint Peter]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rest |first1=Friedrich |title=Our Christian symbols |date=1982 |location=New York |isbn=0-8298-0099-9 |page=29}}</ref> because he did not feel worthy enough to die the same way as Jesus.
*[[Saint Andrew]]: Christian apostle and [[Saint Peter]]'s brother, who is traditionally said to have been crucified on an {{Nowrap|X-shaped}} cross (hence the [[Saltire|Saint Andrew's Cross]]).
*[[Simeon of Jerusalem]]: second [[Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem#Bishops of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]], crucified in either 106 or 107 CE.<ref>[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxii.html Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxxii.]</ref>
*[[Mani (prophet)|Mani]]: the founder of [[Manicheanism]], he was depicted by followers as having died by crucifixion in 274 CE.<ref>Sundermann, Werner (2009-07-20). [https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mani-founder-manicheism "MANI". Encyclopædia Iranica]. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2023-05-07.</ref>
*[[Eulalia of Barcelona]] was venerated as a saint. According to her hagiography, she was stripped naked, tortured, and ultimately crucified on an {{Nowrap|X-shaped}} cross.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friesen |first1=Ilse E. |title=The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages |date=2006 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-88920-939-8 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ul0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |language=en |quote=Eulalia... was stripped, beaten, tormented with iron hooks, had her bosom mutilated, was burnt with torches, and was portrayed as hanging on a rack or X-shaped cross}}</ref>
*[[Wilgefortis]] was venerated as a saint and represented as a crucified woman, however her legend comes from a misinterpretation of a full-clothed crucifix known as the [[Volto Santo of Lucca]].
*The [[26 Martyrs of Japan]]: Japanese martyrs who were crucified and impaled with spears.