COVID-19 pandemic

=== Health care ===
{{Further|Flattening the curve|list of countries by hospital beds|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-technical-guidance/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak-technical-guidance-europe/hospital-readiness-checklist-for-covid-19 |title=Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [[primary health care|primary healthcare services]] for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [[Intensive care unit|intensive care]] capabilities by training personnel and increasing [[ventilator]]s and beds.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse" /><ref name="ECDCresponse">{{#invoke:cite report ||url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/checklist-hospitals-preparing-reception-and-care-coronavirus-2019-covid-19 |title=Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients |date=26 February 2020 |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [[telehealth]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J, Caffery LJ | title = Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–313 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32196391 | pmc = 7140977 | doi = 10.1177/1357633x20916567 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Ohannessian R, Duong TA, Odone A | title = Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action | journal = JMIR Public Health and Surveillance | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e18810 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32238336 | pmc = 7124951 | doi = 10.2196/18810 |doi-access=free}}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F | title = Role of Telehealth in the Management of COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola Outbreaks | journal = Telemedicine Journal and e-Health | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 850–852 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32329659 | doi = 10.1089/tmj.2020.0105 | s2cid = 216111135 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==== Improvised manufacturing ====
[[File:COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a [[Diving mask|scuba mask]] in the absence of [[artificial ventilation]]]]
Due to [[supply chain]] capacity limitations, some manufacturers began [[3D printing]] material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.<ref name="technologyreview615420">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Temple J |title=How 3D printing could save lives in the coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615420/3d-printing-coronavirus-covid-19-medical-supplies-devices/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref name="aCPem">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Tibken S |title=3D printing may help supply more essential coronavirus medical gear |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/3d-printing-may-help-supply-more-essential-coronavirus-medical-gear/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [[patent infringement]] after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite news ||title=[Updating] Italian hospital saves Covid-19 patients lives by 3D printing valves for reanimation devices |url=https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=3D Printing Media Network |date=14 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Peters J |title=Volunteers produce 3D-printed valves for life-saving coronavirus treatments |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/17/21184308/coronavirus-italy-medical-3d-print-valves-treatments |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite web || url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6695286/coronavirus-italy-3d-print-valves/ |title=Engineers 3D-print patented valves for free to save coronavirus patients in Italy |website=Global News}}</ref> Individuals and groups of [[Maker culture|makers]] created and shared [[open source]] designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [[face shield]]s, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [[powered air-purifying respirator]]s, and [[hand sanitizer]]. Novel devices were created such as [[ear saver]]s, [[non-invasive ventilation]] helmets, and ventilator splitters.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book || vauthors = Cavalcanti G, Cocciole C, Cole C, Forgues A, Jaqua V, Jones-Davis D, Merlo S |title=Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers |pages=18–22 |url=https://opensourcemedicalsupplies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Design-Make-Protect_21.01.27.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>