Austria

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Austria}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Austria (2021)<ref name="Religion2021">{{Cite web |title=Religionszugehörigkeit 2021: drei Viertel bekennen sich zu einer Religion |trans-title=2021 religious affiliation: three fourths profess a religion |url=https://www.statistik.gv.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804235308/https://www.statistik.gv.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2022 |type=with comparative data from the censuses from 1951 to 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
|value1 = 55.2
|color1 = DarkOrchid
|label2 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|value2 = 4.9
|color2 = Orchid
|label3 = [[Protestantism]]
|value3 = 3.8
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholicism]]
|value4 = 0.1
|color4 = DeepSkyBlue
|label5 = [[List of Christian denominations|Other Christians]]
|value5 = 4.2
|color5 = LightBlue
|label6 = [[Islam in Austria|Islam]]
|value6 = 8.3
|color6 = Green
|label7 = [[Buddhism in Austria|Buddhism]]
|value7 = 0.3
|color7 = Orange
|label8 = [[Hinduism in Austria|Hinduism]]
|value8 = 0.1
|color8 = Yellow
|label9 = [[History of the Jews in Austria|Judaism]]
|value9 = 0.1
|color9 = #0D98BA
|label10 = Other religions
|value10 = 0.7
|color10 = #C40234
|label11 = [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
|value11 = 22.4
|color11 = Beige
}}
Austria was historically a strongly Roman Catholic country as the centre of the [[Habsburg monarchy]], which championed Roman Catholicism.<ref name="Zulehner 2004 1">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2004 |title=Religion in Austria |publisher=Taylor & Francis |last=Zulehner |first=Paul M. |editor-last=Bischof |editor-first=Günter |series=Contemporary Austrian Studies |volume=13 |page=1 |isbn=978-0-7658-0823-3 |contribution=Religion in Austria |editor-last2=Pelinka |editor-first2=Anton |editor-last3=Denz |editor-first3=Hermann |contribution-url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail/o:925751.pdf |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312193055/https://services.phaidra.univie.ac.at/api/object/o:925751/download |url-status=live }}</ref> Although in the 16th century many Austrians converted to [[Protestantism|other denominations]] ([[Lutheranism]], in particular) as the [[Protestant Reformation]] (begun in 1517) spread across Europe, the Habsburgs enacted measures of [[Counter-Reformation]] as early as 1527 and harshly repressed Austrian evangelicalism; only a minority of Austrians remained Protestant.<ref name="Zulehner 2004 1"/> At least since the 1970s, a few decades after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy and the transformation of Austria into a [[federation|federal]] republic, there has been a continuous decline of Christianity (with the exception of Orthodox churches) and a proliferation of other religions, a process which has been particularly pronounced in [[Vienna]], with its large foreign and immigrant populations.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2012 |title=Religion in Austria |publisher=Praesens Verlag |editor-last=Hödl |editor-first=Hans Gerald |volume=2 |pages=219, 230 |isbn=978-3-7069-0763-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107224637/https://www.wirel-project.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Potancokova_Berghammer_2014.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2022 |last2=Berghammer |first2=Caroline |last1=Potančoková |first1=Michaela |contribution=Urban Faith: Religious Change in Vienna and Austria, 1986–2013 |editor-last2=Pokorny |editor-first2=Lukas |contribution-url=https://www.wirel-project.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Potancokova_Berghammer_2014.pdf}}</ref>

In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic,<ref name="Volkszählung">{{Cite web |title=Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation and nationality |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_religionsbekenntnis_und_staatsangehoerigkeit_022894.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114090849/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_religionsbekenntnis_und_staatsangehoerigkeit_022894.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=17 December 2007 |publisher=Statistik Austria |language=de }}</ref> while about 5% considered themselves [[Protestant]]s.<ref name="Volkszählung"/> Austrian Christians, both Roman Catholic and Protestant,{{Efn|Tax is mandatory only for [[Lutherans]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed Christians]]}} are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income — about 1%) to their churches; this payment is called the ''Kirchenbeitrag'' ("ecclesiastical contribution").

From the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population, yet Sunday [[church attendance]] was only 605,828, or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katholische Kirche Österreichs, Statistik |url=http://www.katholisch.at/statistik |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314100023/http://www.katholisch.at/statistik |archive-date=14 March 2013 |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Additionally, the Lutheran church recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.

The 2001 census reported that about 12% of the population declared themselves [[irreligion|without a religion]];<ref name="Volkszählung"/> according to ecclesiastical information, this share had grown to 20% by 2015<ref name="Kista">[http://www.katholisch.at/site/kirche/article/102078.html Church data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063732/http://www.katholisch.at/site/kirche/article/102078.html |date=16 January 2013 }} retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> and further increased to 22.4% (1,997,700 people) in 2021.<ref name=Religion2021/> Of the remaining population, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, originating chiefly from [[Turkey]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], and [[Kosovo]];<ref name="Volkszählung"/> the number of Muslims doubled in the fifteen years to 2016, to 700,000,<ref>[http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/5263601/Zahl-der-Muslime-in-Oesterreich-seit-2001-verdoppelt Zahl der Muslime in Österreich seit 2001 verdoppelt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920155004/http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/5263601/Zahl-der-Muslime-in-Oesterreich-seit-2001-verdoppelt |date=20 September 2017 }} diepresse.com, 4 August 2017.</ref> and reached 745,600 in 2021.<ref name=Religion2021/> In 2021, another 436,700 residents of Austria (mostly [[Serbs]]) were members of [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, 26,600 were [[Buddhism in Austria|Buddhists]], 10,100 were [[Hinduism in Austria|Hindus]], about 21,800 were active [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and 5,400 were [[Jews]].<ref name=Religion2021/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts—Austria |url=https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/worldwide/AT |access-date=15 August 2022 |publisher=Jehovah's Witnesses (JW.ORG) |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518162403/https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/worldwide/AT/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Eurobarometer]] 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=21 February 2013 |edition=Fieldwork: Jan–Feb 2010 }}</ref>
* 44% of Austrian citizens "believe there is a God";
* 38% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and
* 12% "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".