Argentina

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Argentina}}
[[File:Leloir festejando.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luis Federico Leloir]] (''left'') and his staff toast his 1970 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].]]

Argentines have received three [[Nobel Prize]]s in the Sciences. [[Bernardo Houssay]], the first Latin American recipient, discovered the role of [[pituitary gland|pituitary hormones]] in regulating [[glucose]] in animals, and shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1947. [[Luis Leloir]] discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into [[glycogen]] and the compounds which are fundamental in [[metabolism|metabolizing]] [[carbohydrate]]s, receiving the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1970. [[César Milstein]] did extensive research in [[antibody|antibodies]], sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. Argentine research has led to treatments for [[heart disease]]s and several forms of cancer. [[Domingo Liotta]] designed and developed the first [[artificial heart]] that was successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. [[René Favaloro]] developed the techniques and performed the world's first [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary bypass surgery]].

Argentina's nuclear programme has been highly successful. In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a [[research reactor]] with homegrown technology, the [[RA-1 Enrico Fermi]]. This reliance on the development of its own nuclear-related technologies, instead of buying them abroad, was a constant of Argentina's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian [[National Atomic Energy Commission]] (CNEA). Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade [[uranium]], a major step needed to assemble [[nuclear weapon]]s; since then, however, Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|title= Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation|author= Argüello, Irma|date= 8 January 2009|publisher= Carnegie Endowment for international peace|access-date= 9 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231402/http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa|archive-date= 24 October 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |title=Background Note: Argentina |publisher=State.gov |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183124/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and is highly committed to global nuclear security.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |title=Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security |publisher=State.gov |date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054220/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm |url-status = dead|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> 
[[File:SAOCOM_1A_-_sala_de_integración_-_CEATSA_-_072018_-22_0.jpg|thumb|[[SAOCOM 1A]] inside the facilities of [[CEATSA]]]]

Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when [[Luis Agote]] devised the first safe and effective means of [[blood transfusion]] as well as [[René Favaloro]], who was a pioneer in the improvement of the [[coronary artery bypass surgery]]. Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as [[nanotechnology]], [[physics]], [[computer science]]s, molecular biology, oncology, ecology and cardiology. [[Juan Maldacena]], an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in [[string theory]].

Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine-built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language=es |publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial |access-date=24 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023136/http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and those developed by [[CONAE]], the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company [[INVAP]], which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> Established in 1991, the [[CONAE]] has since launched two satellites successfully and,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |title=Satellite Missions |publisher=CONAE |access-date=25 October 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030327/http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html |archive-date= 4 February 2009}}</ref> in June 2009, secured an agreement with the [[European Space Agency]] for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], the world's foremost [[cosmic ray]] observatory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |title=Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory |publisher=Pierre Auger Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107003728/http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock<ref>[http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173400/http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670 |date=3 March 2016}}. Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012.</ref> Argentina was ranked 73rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>