19th century

==Events==
{{For timeline}}

===1801–1850===
* [[1801]]: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merge to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
* [[1802]]: The [[Wahhabi]]s of the [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala|First Saudi State sack Karbala]].
* [[1803]]: [[William Symington]] demonstrates his ''[[Charlotte Dundas]]'', the "first practical steamboat".
* [[1803]]: The [[Wahhabi]]s of the [[First Saudi State]] capture [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].
* [[1804]]: [[Austrian Empire]] founded by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]].
* [[1804]]: [[World population]] reaches 1 billion.
* [[1805]]: The [[Battle of Trafalgar]] eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the [[British Empire]] later in the century.
* [[1805]]–[[1848]]: [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] modernizes [[Egypt]].
[[File:StamfordRaffles.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[1819]]: 29 January, [[Stamford Raffles]] arrives in Singapore with [[William Farquhar]] to establish a trading post for the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. 8 February, The treaty is signed between Sultan Hussein of Johor, Temenggong Abdul Rahman and Stamford Raffles. Farquhar is installed as the first Resident of the settlement.]]
* [[1810]]: The [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]] was founded. Among its students and faculty are [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]]. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see [[History of European universities#European university models in the 19th and 20th centuries|History of European research universities]]).
* [[1814]]: [[Elisha Collier]] invents the [[Flintlock]] [[Revolver]].
* [[1814]] : February 1 Eruption of [[Mayon Volcano]] 
* [[1815]]: April, [[Mount Tambora]] in [[Sumbawa]] island erupts, becoming the largest [[volcanic eruption]] in [[recorded history]], destroying [[Tambora culture]], and killing at least 71,000 people, including its aftermath. The eruption created [[global climate]] anomalies known as "[[volcanic winter]]".<ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=Clive|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|year=2003|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra|bibcode=2003PrPG...27..230O |s2cid=131663534}}</ref>
* [[1816]]: [[Year Without a Summer]]: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of [[Mount Tambora]].
* [[1816]]–[[1828]]: [[Shaka]]'s [[Zulu Kingdom]] becomes the largest in [[Southern Africa]].
* [[1819]]: The [[Colombia|Republic of Colombia]] ([[Gran Colombia]]) achieves independence after [[Simón Bolívar]]'s triumph at the [[Battle of Boyacá]].
* [[1819]]: The modern city of [[Singapore]] is established by the [[British East India Company]].
* [[1820]]: Discovery of [[Antarctica]].
* [[1820]]: [[History of Liberia|Liberia]] founded by the [[American Colonization Society]] for freed American slaves.
* [[1820]]: Dissolution of the [[Maratha Empire]].
* [[1821]]–[[1823]]: [[First Mexican Empire]], as Mexico's first post-independence government, ruled by Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I of Mexico]].
* [[1822]]: [[Pedro I of Brazil]] declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September. 
* [[1823]]: [[Monroe Doctrine]] declared by US President [[James Monroe]].
* [[1825]]: The [[Decembrist revolt]].
[[File:Kolman decembrists.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Decembrists]] at the [[Saint Petersburg Senate Square|Senate Square]].]]
* [[1829]]: [[Sir Robert Peel]] founds the [[Metropolitan Police Service]], the first modern police force.
[[File:Emigrants Leave Ireland by Henry Doyle 1868.jpg|thumb|upright|Emigrants leaving [[Ireland]]. From 1830 to 1914, almost 5 million Irish people went to the United States alone.]]
* [[1830]]: Anglo-Russian rivalry over Afghanistan, [[the Great Game]], commences and concludes in 1895.
* [[1831]]: November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw]].
* [[1832]]: The British Parliament passes the [[Great Reform Act]].
* [[1834]]–[[1859]]: [[Imam Shamil]]'s rebellion in Russian-occupied [[Caucasus]].
* [[1835]]–[[1836]]: The [[Texas Revolution]] in Mexico resulted in the short-lived [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[1836]]: [[Samuel Colt]] popularizes the [[revolver]] and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the [[Colt Paterson]] revolver, a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
* [[1837]]–[[1838]]: [[Rebellions of 1837]] in [[Canada]].
* [[1838]]: By this time, 46,000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the [[Trail of Tears]].
* [[1839]]–[[1860]]: After the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gain many [[Treaty ports|trade and associated concessions]] from China resulting in the start of the decline of the [[Qing dynasty]].
* [[1839]]–[[1919]]: [[Anglo-Afghan War]]s lead to stalemate and the establishment of the [[Durand line]]
* [[1842]]: [[Treaty of Nanking]] cedes [[Hong Kong]] to the British.
* [[1843]]: The first [[wagon train]] sets out from Missouri.
* [[1844]]: [[Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers]] establish what is considered the first [[cooperative]] in the world. 
* [[1845]]–[[1849]]: The [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine of Ireland]] leads to the [[Irish diaspora]].
* [[1848]]: ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' published.
* [[1848]]: [[Seneca Falls Convention]] is the first [[women's rights]] convention in the United States and leads to the [[History of Women's Suffrage in the United States|battle for women's suffrage]].
* [[1848]]–[[1855]]: [[California Gold Rush]].
* [[1849]]: Earliest recorded [[Airstrike|air raid]], as Austria employs [[The Austrian balloons|200 balloons]] to deliver ordnance against [[Venice]].
* [[1850]]: The [[Little Ice Age]] ends around this time.
* [[1850]]: [[Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch]] establishes the first [[cooperative banking|cooperative financial institution]].
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|250px|Historical [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion of the United States]]]]

===1851–1900===
{{for|later events|Timeline of the 20th century}}
* [[1851]]: The [[Great Exhibition]] in London was the world's first international Expo or [[World's fair|World Fair]].
* [[1852]]: [[Frederick Douglass]] delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in [[Rochester, New York]].
* [[1857]]: Sir [[Joseph Whitworth]] designs the first long-range [[sniper rifle]].
* [[1857]]–[[1858]]: [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The British Empire assumes control of India from the [[East India Company]].
* [[1858]]: Construction of [[Big Ben]] is completed.
* [[1859]]–[[1869]]: [[Suez Canal]] is constructed.
[[File:SuezCanalKantara.jpg|thumb|upright|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal]]]]
* [[1860]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] launches the [[Expedition of the Thousand]].
* [[1861]]: Russia [[Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia|abolishes serfdom]].
* [[1862]]–[[1877]]: [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Muslim Rebellion]] in north-west China.
* [[1863]]: Formation of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|International Red Cross]] is followed by the adoption of the [[First Geneva Convention]] in 1864.
* [[1865]]–[[1877]]: [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
* [[1867]]: [[Canada]] is formed, via the process of [[Canadian Confederation]].
* [[1868]]: [[Michael Barrett (Fenian)|Michael Barrett]] is the last person to be publicly hanged in England.
* [[1869]]: The [[Suez Canal]] opens linking the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to the [[Red Sea]].
[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|upright|A barricade in the [[Paris Commune]], 18 March 1871. Around 30,000 Parisians were killed, and thousands more were later executed.]]
[[File:Schwarzer Freitag Wien 1873.jpg|thumb|upright|Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The [[Panic of 1873]] and [[Long Depression]] followed.]]
* [[1870]]: Official dismantling of the [[Cultivation System]] and beginning of a '[[Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies)|Liberal Policy]]' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.<ref name="VICKERS_xii">Vickers (2005), page xii</ref>
* [[1870]]–[[1890]]: [[Long Depression]] in [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]].
* [[1871]]–[[1872]]: [[List of famines|Famine]] in [[Iran|Persia]] is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
* [[1871]]: The [[Paris Commune]] briefly rules the French capital.
* [[1872]]: [[Yellowstone National Park]], the first [[national park]], is created.
* [[1874]]: The ''Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs'', better known as the [[Impressionist]]s, organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]].
* [[1874]]: The Home Rule Movement is established in [[Ireland]].
* [[1875]]: ''[[HMS Challenger]]'' surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the [[Challenger Deep]]
* [[1876]]: [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] leads to the death of [[General Custer]] and victory for the alliance of [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Northern Cheyenne|Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]]
* [[1876]]–[[1914]]: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the [[Gilded Age]].
* [[1877]]: [[Great Railroad Strike]] in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide [[Strike action|labour strike]].
* [[1881]]: Wave of [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|pogroms]] begins in the Russian Empire.
* [[1881]]–[[1882]]: The [[Jules Ferry laws]] are passed in [[French Third Republic|France]] establishing free, secular education.
* [[1883]]: [[Krakatoa]] volcano explosion, one of the largest in modern history.
* [[1883]]: The [[quagga]] is rendered extinct.
* [[1886]]: Construction of the [[Statue of Liberty]]; [[Coca-Cola]] is developed.
* [[1888]]: Founding of the shipping line ''[[Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij]]'' (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.<ref name="VICKERS_xii"/>
* [[1888]]: The [[Golden Law]] abolishes [[slavery in Brazil]].
* [[1889]]: [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated in [[Paris]].
[[File:Filipino Ilustrados Jose Rizal Marcelo del Pilar Mariano Ponce.jpg|thumb|upright|Studio portrait of ''[[Ilustrado]]s'' in Europe, {{Circa|1890}}]]
* [[1889]]: A republican military coup establishes the [[First Brazilian Republic]]. The [[Empire of Brazil|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]] is abolished.
* [[1889]]–[[1890]]: [[1889–1890 pandemic]] kills 1 million people. 
* [[1890]]: First use of the [[electric chair]] as a method of execution.
* [[1892]]: The [[World's Columbian Exposition]] was held in [[Chicago]] celebrating the 400th anniversary of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s arrival in the [[New World]].
* [[1892]]: [[Fingerprinting]] is officially adopted for the first time.
* [[1893]]: [[New Zealand]] becomes the first country to enact [[women's suffrage]].
* [[1893]]: The [[Coremans-de Vriendt law]] is passed in [[Belgium]], creating legal equality for [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language]]s.
* [[1894]]: The [[Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem]]<ref name="VICKERS_xii"/> resulted in the looting and destruction of Cakranegara Palace in [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]].<ref>Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in ''Colonial collections Revisited'': Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of ''Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde'', Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|978-90-5789-152-6}}. 296 pages. pp. 186–203</ref> J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist, discovers and secures [[Nagarakretagama]] manuscript in Lombok royal library.
* [[1896]]: [[Philippine Revolution]] ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule.
* [[1898]]: The United States gains control of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Philippines]] after the [[Spanish–American War]].
* [[1898]]: [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of [[Qing dynasty|China]] engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the [[Hundred Days' Reform]]; the [[Guangxu Emperor]] is arrested.
* [[1900]]: {{lang|fr|[[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]]|italic=no}} held in Paris, prominently featuring the growing art trend [[Art Nouveau]].
* [[1900]]–[[1901]]: [[Eight-Nation Alliance|Eight nations invade China]] at the same time and ransack [[Forbidden City]].

=== Last survivors ===
Born on 19 April 1897, Japanese [[Jiroemon Kimura]] died on 12 June 2013, marking the death of the last man verified to have been born in the century.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2013 |title=World's oldest man ever turns 116 in Kyoto as his health is studied |url=http://japandailypress.com/worlds-oldest-man-ever-turns-116-in-kyoto-as-his-health-is-studied-1927336 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605022257/http://japandailypress.com/worlds-oldest-man-ever-turns-116-in-kyoto-as-his-health-is-studied-1927336 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=The Japan Daily Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2013 |title=World's oldest person turns 116 in Japan |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130419-worlds-oldest-person-turns-116-japan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616010617/http://www.france24.com/en/20130419-worlds-oldest-person-turns-116-japan |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=France 24 International News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World's oldest person Jiroemon Kimura turns 116 in Japan |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/worlds-oldest-person-jiroemon-kimura-turns-116-in-japan/articleshow/19628476.cms |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Kimura remains the to date date [[List of the verified oldest men|oldest verified man in history]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web |last=Matsuyama |first=Kanoko |date=27 December 2012 |title=Japanese 115-Year-Old Becomes Oldest Man in History |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-28/japanese-115-year-old-becomes-oldest-man-in-recorded-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229142949/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-28/japanese-115-year-old-becomes-oldest-man-in-recorded-history.html |archive-date=29 December 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref> Subsequently, on 21 April 2018, Japanese [[Nabi Tajima]] (born 4 August 1900) died as the last person to verifiably have been born in the century.<ref name="slate2">{{Cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniel |date=22 April 2018 |title=The Last Known Person Born in the 19th Century Dies in Japan at 117 |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-last-known-person-born-in-the-19th-century-died-in-japan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912162416/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-last-known-person-born-in-the-19th-century-died-in-japan.html |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref>