Science

=== Scientists ===
[[File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Marie Curie]] was the first person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes: [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] in 1903 and [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] in 1911<ref name="psb113" />|alt=Portrait of a middle-aged woman]]
Scientists are individuals who conduct scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.<ref name="eowilsonfoundation">{{cite web | url = https://eowilsonfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/the-big-read-eusocial-climbers.pdf | title = Eusocial climbers | publisher = E.O. Wilson Foundation | access-date = September 3, 2018 | quote = But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says. | archive-date = April 27, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190427085753/https://eowilsonfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/the-big-read-eusocial-climbers.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="researchcouncil">{{cite web | url = https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ | title = Our definition of a scientist | publisher = Science Council | access-date = September 7, 2018 | quote = A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge. | archive-date = August 23, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190823135636/https://sciencecouncil.org/about-science/our-definition-of-a-scientist/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting and upon completion, attain an [[academic degree]], with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy or PhD.<ref name="Cyranoski2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Cyranoski | first1 = David | last2 = Gilbert | first2 = Natasha | last3 = Ledford | first3 = Heidi | last4 = Nayar | first4 = Anjali | author4-link = Anjali Nayar | last5 = Yahia | first5 = Mohammed | year = 2011 | title = Education: The PhD factory | journal = Nature | volume = 472 | issue = 7343 | pages = 276–79 | doi = 10.1038/472276a | pmid = 21512548 | bibcode = 2011Natur.472..276C | doi-access = free }}</ref> Many scientists pursue careers in various [[Sector (economic)|sectors of the economy]] such as [[Academy|academia]], [[Private sector|industry]], [[Administration (government)|government]], and nonprofit organizations.<ref name="Kwok2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Kwok | first1 = Roberta | title = Flexible working: Science in the gig economy | journal = Nature | volume = 550 | pages = 419–21 | doi = 10.1038/nj7677-549a| year = 2017 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Editorial2017a">{{cite journal | year = 2007 | title = Many junior scientists need to take a hard look at their job prospects | journal = Nature | editor = Editorial | volume = 550 | pages = 549–552 | doi = 10.1038/nj7677-549a | last1 = Woolston | first1 = Chris | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Woolston2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Adrian | last2 = Dennis | first2 = Carina | last3 = Campbell | first3 = Phillip | year = 2007 | title = Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship | journal = Nature | volume = 550 | issue = 7677 | pages = 549–52 | doi = 10.1038/nj7677-549a| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Scientists exhibit a strong curiosity about reality and a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of health, nations, the environment, or industries. Other motivations include recognition by their peers and prestige. In modern times, many scientists have [[Terminal degree|advanced degrees]] in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as [[Academy|academia]], [[Private industry|industry]], [[Government scientist|government]], and nonprofit environments.<ref name="Cyranoski20112">{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |last2=Gilbert |first2=Natasha |last3=Ledford |first3=Heidi |last4=Nayar |first4=Anjali |last5=Yahia |first5=Mohammed |year=2011 |title=Education: The PhD factory |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7343 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..276C |doi=10.1038/472276a |pmid=21512548 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Kwok20172">{{cite journal |last1=Kwok |first1=Roberta |year=2017 |title=Flexible working: Science in the gig economy |journal=Nature |volume=550 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref>''<ref name="Woolston20172">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Adrian |last2=Dennis |first2=Carina |last3=Campbell |first3=Phillip |year=2007 |title=Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship |journal=Nature |volume=550 |issue=7677 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.1038/nj7677-549a |doi-access=free}}</ref>''

Science has historically been a male-dominated field, with notable exceptions. [[Women in science]] faced considerable discrimination in science, much as they did in other areas of male-dominated societies. For example, women were frequently being passed over for job opportunities and denied credit for their work.<ref name="Whaley">{{cite book|last=Whaley|first=Leigh Ann|title=Women's History as Scientists|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO, INC.|year=2003}}</ref> The achievements of women in science have been attributed to the defiance of their traditional role as laborers within the [[Private sphere|domestic sphere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spanier |first=Bonnie |title=Im/partial Science: Gender Identity in Molecular Biology |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-253-20968-9 |chapter=From Molecules to Brains, Normal Science Supports Sexist Beliefs about Difference}}</ref>