Rome

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Rome}}
[[File:Palazzo_Eni_(Rome)_in_2021.05.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo Eni]], in the [[EUR, Rome|EUR]] [[business district]], is the headquarters of [[Eni]], considered one of the world's oil and gas "[[supermajors]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/|title=The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector|website=Global Witness}}</ref>]]
[[File:Roma - HQ Enel esterno.jpg|thumb|[[Enel]]'s headquarters in Rome, the second largest [[power company]] in the world by revenue after the [[State Grid Corporation of China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 power companies in the world: Ranking the largest |url=https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ |newspaper=Power Technology |access-date=7 February 2020 |date=19 March 2019|last1=Vara |first1=Vasanthi }}</ref>]]
[[File:Sede BNL Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Orizzonte Europa]], [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro|BNL]] headquarters in Rome]]

As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single {{lang|it|Ministeri}}), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD), [[World Food Programme]] (WFP), the [[NATO Defence College]], and the [[International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property]] (ICCROM).

According to the [[Global city#GaWC study|GaWC study of world cities]], Rome is a "Beta +" city.<ref name="GAWC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy.<ref name="atkearney.at">{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |title=2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135221/http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376&nbsp;billion (US$121.5&nbsp;billion),<ref name="rapporto2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.asp |title=Rapporto Censis 2006 |publisher=Censis.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418003612/http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.ASP |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2018}} the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<ref name="observatoribarcelona.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806145437/http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |url-status=dead |title=Observatoribarcelona.org |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<ref name="ilsole24ore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |title=La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia |publisher=Il Sole 24 ORE |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174557/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com" /> On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<ref name="citymayors_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |title=World's richest cities in 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612160130/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} The Rome area had a [[List of cities by GDP|GDP amounting to $167.8 billion]], and $38,765 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry, and it is largely dominated by [[service (economics)|services]], high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, [[Fiumicino]], is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: [[Enel]], [[Eni]], and [[Telecom Italia]].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |title=The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies |first=Scott |last=DeCarlo |date=30 March 2006 |work=Forbes |access-date=16 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092755/http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}}</ref>

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film industry]], thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the [[Esposizione Universale Roma]] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient [[Via Tiburtina]].

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Rome|List of tourist attractions in Rome}}
[[File:The_Spanish_Steps,_Rome_(47509253002).jpg|thumb|[[Fontana della Barcaccia]] in [[Piazza di Spagna]], the [[Spanish Steps]] and [[Trinità dei Monti]]]]
[[File:Empty_Piazza_Navona_(85148359).jpeg|thumb|[[Piazza Navona]]]]
[[File:Vatican Museums Spiral Staircase 2012.jpg|thumb|right|{{As of|2022}}, the [[Vatican Museums]] are the [[List of most visited art museums|second most visited art museum]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheshire |first1=Lee |last2=da Silva |first2=José |title=The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling? |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – [[Capitoline Museums]], [[Vatican Museums|the Vatican Museums]] and the {{lang|it|[[Galleria Borghese]]|italic=no}} and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]], [[fountain]]s, churches, [[palace]]s, historical buildings, the [[monument]]s and ruins of the [[Roman Forum]], and the [[Catacombs]]. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10&nbsp;million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4&nbsp;million tourists) and the [[Vatican Museums]] (4.2&nbsp;million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<ref name="itvnews.tv">{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Visited Places in The World |website=itvnews.tv |date=2 October 2009 |url=http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-date=2 October 2009 | url-status=dead | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of [[archaeology|archaeological research]]. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the [[American Academy in Rome]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture |publisher=Romanculture.org |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |title=Isvroma.it |publisher=Isvroma.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182423/http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Rome contains numerous [[List of ancient monuments in Rome|ancient sites]], including the [[Roman Forum|Forum Romanum]], [[Trajan's Market]], [[Trajan's Forum]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trajan's Glorious Forum |magazine=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |author=James E. Packer |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216035602/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> the [[Colosseum]], and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], to name but a few. The [[Colosseum]], arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a [[Wonders of the World|wonder of the world]].<ref name=brewers>I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |title=America, the Land We Love |last1=Miller |first1=Francis Trevelyan |last2=Wilson |first2=Woodrow |last3=Taft |first3=William Howard Taft |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |publisher=W. T. Blaine |year=1915 |page=201 |oclc=679498513 |author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller |author-link2=Woodrow Wilson |author-link3=William Howard Taft |author-link4=Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111825/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, [[fountain]]s, [[mosaic]]s, [[fresco]]s, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important [[Roman art]] such as [[Architecture of ancient Rome|architecture]], painting, sculpture and [[mosaic]] work. [[Metalworking|Metal-work]], [[coin die]] and gem engraving, [[ivory carving]]s, figurine glass, [[Ancient Roman pottery|pottery]], and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331 |last=Toynbee |first=J.M.C. |date=December 1971 |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |issn=0009-840X |jstor=708631|s2cid=163488573 }}</ref> Rome later became a major centre of [[Renaissance]] art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose [[basilica]]s, [[palace]]s, [[piazza]]s and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to [[Florence]], and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and [[Venice]]. The city was affected greatly by the [[Italian Baroque|baroque]], and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci|Carracci]], [[Francesco Borromini|Borromini]] and [[Pietro da Cortona|Cortona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |title=Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211) |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094548/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |archive-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the [[Grand Tour]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings |author=Matt Rosenberg |publisher=About.com |url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about [[Culture of ancient Rome|ancient Roman culture]], art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini|Pannini]] and [[Bernardo Bellotto]]. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |title=The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History |publisher=Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094628/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and museums.

Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as [[MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts]] it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo |publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside [[Renzo Piano]]'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditorium.com/ |title=Auditorium Parco della Musica |publisher=Auditorium.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Massimiliano Fuksas]]' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pelati |first1=Manuela |title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016 |url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |access-date=5 December 2015 |work={{Lang|it|Corriere della Sera}} |date=30 September 2015 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.