Romania

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}}

{{bar box
|float = right
|titlebar = #ddd
|title = Language frequency as spoken<br/> in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Language">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după limba maternă (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21|language=ro}}</ref>
|left1 = Language
|right1 = Percentage
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|yellow|91.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|green|6.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Romani language|Romani]]|orange|1.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|blue|0.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|red|0.10}}
{{bar percent|[[German language|German]]|purple|0.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|cyan|0.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Minorities in Romania|Others]]|grey|0.43}}
}}

[[File:Limba romana Atlanticul-800px.png|thumb|right|Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language]]

The official language is Romanian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but shares many features equally with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically Italian, French, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|title=Romanian Translation {{!}} Romanian, Italian, English & French translations|website=Parolando|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26&nbsp;letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ''ă'', ''â'', ''î'', ''ț'', and ''ș''), totaling 31.<ref name=":1" />

Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55%&nbsp;of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.28%&nbsp;and 1.20%&nbsp;of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=Iarna Ucraineană – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| access-date=5 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archive-date=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 17,101 native speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], 15,943 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and 14,414 native speakers of [[Russian language|Russian]] living in Romania.<ref name="Census2021-Language"/><ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over&nbsp;20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archive-date=7 September 2011  }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31%&nbsp;of Romanians, French is spoken by&nbsp;17%, and Italian and German, each by&nbsp;7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date= 6 January 2016 }}</ref>