Quarantine

====History of quarantine laws in the US====
[[File:PHSQuarentineStationNOLA1957.jpg|thumb|Public Health Service Quarantine Station, [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], 1957]]
Quarantine law began in Colonial America in 1663, when in an attempt to curb an outbreak of [[smallpox]], the city of New York established a quarantine. In the 1730s, the city built a quarantine station on the [[Bedloe's Island]].<ref name="Lazaretto">{{cite web |url= http://www.ushistory.org/laz/history/index.htm |title=Lazaretto Quarantine Station, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, PA: History |access-date=24 April 2008 |publisher= [[ushistory.org]]}}</ref> The [[Philadelphia Lazaretto]] was the first quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in <!-- [[Essington, Pennsylvania|Essington]], --> [[Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Tinicum Township]], [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], Pennsylvania.<ref name="City">{{cite web |url= http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html | title=Contagious Disease Control, The Lazaretto | access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=[[City of Philadelphia]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508033044/http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 8 May 2008}}</ref> There are similar national landmarks such as the [[Columbia River Quarantine Station]], [[Swinburne Island]]  and [[Angel Island (California)#Angel Island Immigration Station|Angel Island]]. The [[Pest House (Concord, Massachusetts)|Pest House]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]] was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those with cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox.

In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor [[Enos Throop]] called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature. It included to a strict quarantine along the Upper and Lower New York-Canadian frontier. In addition, New York City Mayor Walter Browne established a quarantine against all peoples and products of Europe and Asia, which prohibited ships from approaching closer than 300 yards to the city, and all vehicles were ordered to stop 1.5 miles away.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/early-america-review/volume-4/the-1832-cholera-epidemic-part-2| title = G. William Beardslee, "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic – Part 2: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio."| access-date = 6 March 2019| archive-date = 18 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518003717/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Immigrant Inspection Station on [[Ellis Island]], built in 1892, is often mistakenly assumed to have been a quarantine station, however its marine hospital ([[Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital]]) only qualified as a contagious disease facility to handle less virulent diseases like measles, [[trachoma]] and less advanced stages of tuberculosis and diphtheria; those affected by smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, leprosy or typhoid fever, could neither be received nor treated there.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yew|first=E.|date=June 1980|title=Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891-1924.|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine|volume=56|issue=5|pages=488–510 |pmc=1805119|pmid=6991041}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birn|first=Anne-Emanuelle|date=1997|title=Six Seconds Per Eyelid: the medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1892-1914|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/download/106118/165458|journal=DYNAMIS. Acta Hisp. Med. Sci. Hist.|volume=17|pages=289|pmid=11623552}}</ref>

[[Mary Mallon]] was quarantined in 1907 under the Greater New York Charter, Sections 1169–1170,<ref>Judith Walzer Leavitt, ''Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health,'' Beacon Press, 1996, p. 71. {{ISBN|0807021032}}</ref> which permitted the [[New York City Board of Health]] to "remove to a proper place…any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6864674_000/index.html The Greater New York Charter as enacted in 1897] ''www.columbia.edu'', accessed 2 February 2020</ref>

During the [[1918 flu pandemic]], people were also quarantined. Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected [[smallpox]] case in 1963.<ref>{{cite news |title=Get In That Bubble, Boy! When can the government quarantine its citizens? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/06/get_in_that_bubble_boy.html |quote= In fact, until this recent situation, the CDC hadn't issued such an order since 1963, when it quarantined a woman for smallpox exposure. Even during the SARS epidemic in 2003, officials relied mostly on voluntary isolation and quarantine. And the last large-scale quarantine in the U.S. took place during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–19. ... |newspaper=[[Slate magazine]] |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref>

The 1944 [[Public Health Service Act]] "to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]'s quarantine authority for the first time. It gave the [[United States Public Health Service]] responsibility for preventing the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the United States, and expanded quarantine authority to include incoming aircraft.<ref name = "CDC"/> The act states that "...any individual reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease in a qualifying stage and...if found to be infected, may be detained for such time and in such manner as may be reasonably necessary."<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 1403520|year = 1994|title = Public Health Service Act, 1944|journal = Public Health Reports|volume = 109|issue = 4|pages = 468|pmid = 8041843}}</ref>

No federal quarantine orders were issued from 1963 until 2020, as American citizens were evacuated from China during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/american-evacuated-china-wary-deadly-virus-68658460 U.S. evacuees 'relieved' about quarantine on military base] 1 February 2020, AMY TAXIN ''abcnews.go.com'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref>