Puerto Rico

====Population genetics====
[[File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg|thumb|Population density, Census 2000]]
A group of researchers from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] that revealed that the modern population of Puerto Rico has a high genetic component of Taíno and [[Guanches|Guanche]] (especially of the island of [[Tenerife]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206133647/http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|archive-date=6 February 2010|title=La Comunidad » Documentales Gratis » Un Estudio del Genoma Taino y Guanche. ADN o DNA. Primera parte|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>
Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno.<ref name="native">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0056 |last1=Martínez-Cruzado |first1=J. C. |last2=Toro-Labrador |first2=G. |last3=Ho-Fung |first3=V. |last4=Estévez-Montero |first4=M. A. |last5=Lobaina-Manzanet |first5=A. |last6=Padovani-Claudio |first6=D. A. |last7=Sánchez-Cruz |first7=H. |last8=Ortiz-Bermúdez |first8=P. |last9=Sánchez-Crespo |first9=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico |journal=Human Biology |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |year=2001 |pmid=11512677|s2cid=29125467 }}</ref><ref name="Madrigal">{{cite book |first=Lorena |last=Madrigal |title=Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121 |isbn=978-0-521-81931-2 |year=2006 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111012531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonilla |year=2004 |title=Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City |journal=Hum Genet |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7|display-authors=etal |pmid=15118905|title-link=New York City |s2cid=13708800 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Cruzado |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=131–55 |pmid=15693025 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20108|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% [[West Eurasian]]/[[North Africa]]n (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% [[Sub-Saharan African]] and 11% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133124/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |archive-date=20 July 2014 |work=The Genographic Project |title=Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations}}</ref> Another genetic study, from 2007, claimed that "the average genomewide individual (i.e., Puerto Rican) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66%, 18%, and 16%, for European, West African, and Native American, respectively."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=1 August 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}</ref> Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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