Pontius Pilate

====Late antique and early medieval art====
[[File:Court of Pilates - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna 2016.jpg|thumb|Mosaic of Christ before Pilate, [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]] in [[Ravenna]], early sixth century. Pilate washes his hands in a bowl held by a figure on the right.]]
Pilate is one of the most important figures in [[Early Christian art and architecture|early Christian art]]; he is often given greater prominence than Jesus himself.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=2}} He is, however, entirely absent from the earliest Christian art; all images postdate the emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and can be classified as early [[Byzantine art]].{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=67}} Pilate first appears in art on a Christian [[sarcophagus]] in 330 CE; in the earliest depictions he is shown washing his hands without Jesus being present.{{sfn|Kirschbaum|1971|p=436}} In later images he is typically shown washing his hands of guilt in Jesus' presence.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=52}} 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=53}} Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|pp=57–60}}

[[File:Magdeburger Reliefs Verhör Geisselung.jpg|thumb|left|Panel from the [[Magdeburg Ivories]] depicting Pilate at the [[Flagellation of Christ]], German, tenth century]]
The older Byzantine model of depicting Pilate washing his hands continues to appear on artwork into the tenth century;{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=85}} beginning in the seventh century, however, a new iconography of Pilate also emerges, which does not always show him washing his hands, includes him in additional scenes, and is based on contemporary medieval rather than Roman models.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=85}} The majority of depictions from this time period come from France or Germany, belonging to [[Carolingian art|Carolingian]] or later [[Ottonian art]],{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=144}} and are mostly on ivory, with some in frescoes, but no longer on sculpture except in Ireland.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|pp=86, 93–95, 111–116}} New images of Pilate that appear in this period include depictions of the [[Ecce homo]], Pilate's presentation of the scourged Jesus to the crowd in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#19:5|John 19:5]],{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|pp=98–100}} as well as scenes deriving from the apocryphal ''[[Acts of Pilate]]''.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=86}} Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the [[Flagellation of Christ]], where he is not mentioned in the Bible.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=92}}

[[File:Bernwardstür (28).JPG|thumb|Christ before Pilate on the [[Hildesheim cathedral doors]] (1015). A devil whispers in Pilate's ear as he judges Jesus.]]
The eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=144}} Images of Pilate are found on new materials such as metal, while he appeared less frequently on ivory, and continues to be a frequent subject of gospel and psalter manuscript illuminations.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=144}} Depictions continue to be greatly influenced by the ''Acts of Pilate'', and the number of situations in which Pilate is depicted also increases.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=144}} From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a [[Jewish hat]].{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|pp=146–151}} In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|pp=151–153}}

Despite being venerated as a saint by the [[Coptic Church|Coptic]] and [[Ethiopian Church]]es, very few images of Pilate exist in these traditions from any time period.{{sfn|Hourihane|2009|p=415}}
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