Pittsburgh

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1800 = 1565
| 1810 = 4768
| 1820 = 7248
| 1830 = 12568
| 1840 = 21115
| 1850 = 46601
| 1860 = 49221
| 1870 = 86076
| 1880 = 156389
| 1890 = 238617
| 1900 = 321616
| 1910 = 533905
| 1920 = 588343
| 1930 = 669817
| 1940 = 671659
| 1950 = 676806
| 1960 = 604332
| 1970 = 520117
| 1980 = 423938
| 1990 = 369879
| 2000 = 334563
| 2010 = 305704
| 2020 = 302971
| estyear = 2022
| estimate = 302898
| align-fn = center
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Census2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/pittsburghcitypennsylvania/POP010220 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Pittsburgh city, Pennsylvania |publisher=Census.gov |date= |access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108 |title=Census Population API |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 12, 2022}}</ref>
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Historical Racial composition
!2020<ref name="2020 Census-2020">{{cite web |date=April 1, 2020 |title=2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pittsburghcitypennsylvania}}</ref>!! 2010<ref name="census1"/> !! 1990<ref name="census"/> !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1950<ref name="census"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] 
|66.8%|| 66.0% ||  72.1% ||  79.3% || 87.7%
|-
| &ndash; Non-Hispanic White
|64.7%|| 64.8% || 71.6% || 78.7%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} || n/a
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] 
|23.0%|| 26.1% || 25.8% || 20.2% || 12.2%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] 
|5.8%|| 4.4% || 1.6% || 0.3% || 0.1%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) 
|3.2%|| 2.3% || 0.9% || 0.5%{{efn|name="fifteen"}} || (X)
|}

===2020 census===
{{Expand section|examples with reliable citations|date=September 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania: 1990, Part 1 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-40-1.pdf}}</ref>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Pittsburgh city, Pennsylvania |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US4261000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Pittsburgh city, Pennsylvania|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4261000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Pittsburgh city, Pennsylvania|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4261000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
!% 1990
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|264,722
|223,982
|198,186
|style='background: #ffffe6; |187,099
|71.57%
|66.95%
|64.83%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |61.75%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|94,743
|90,183
|78,847
|style='background: #ffffe6; |68,314
|25.61%
|26.96%
|25.79%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |22.55%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|583
|561
|505
|style='background: #ffffe6; |475
|0.16%
|0.17%
|0.17%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.16%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|5,865
|9,160
|13,393
|style='background: #ffffe6; |19,745
|1.59%
|2.74%
|4.38%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.52%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|N/A
|100
|76
|style='background: #ffffe6; |96
|N/A
|0.03%
|0.02%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|498
|1,217
|843
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,081
|0.13%
|0.36%
|0.28%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.69%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|N/A
|4,935
|6,890
|style='background: #ffffe6; |13,541
|N/A
|1.48%
|2.25%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.47%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|3,468
|4,425
|6,964
|style='background: #ffffe6; |11,620
|0.94%
|1.32%
|2.28%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.84%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''369,879'''
|'''334,563'''
|'''305,704'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''302,971'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

[[File:Ethnic Origins in Pittsburgh, PA.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Pittsburgh]]
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Pittsburgh (5559872301).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Pittsburgh, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]

At the 2010 census, there were 305,704 people residing in Pittsburgh, a decrease of 8.6% since 2000; 66.0% of the population was White, 25.8% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.4% Asian, 0.3% Other, and 2.3% mixed; in 2020, 2.3% of Pittsburgh's population was of Hispanic or Latino American origin of any race. [[Non-Hispanic Whites|Non-Hispanic whites]] were 64.8% of the population in 2010,<ref name="census1">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/4261000.html |title=Pittsburgh (city), Pennsylvania |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=May 11, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508162120/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/4261000.html|archive-date=May 8, 2012 }}</ref> compared to 78.7% in 1970.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=May 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> By the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population slightly declined further to 302,971.<ref name="2020 Census-2020" /> Its racial and ethnic makeup in 2020 was 64.7% non-Hispanic white, 23.0% Black or African American, 5.8% Asian, and 3.2% Hispanic or Latino American of any race.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the five largest European ethnic groups in Pittsburgh were German (19.7%), Irish (15.8%), Italian (11.8%), Polish (8.4%), and English (4.6%), while the metropolitan area is approximately 22% German-American, 15.4% Italian American and 11.6% Irish American. Pittsburgh has one of the largest Italian-American communities in the nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niaf.org/research/statistics2.asp |title=Statistics |publisher=www.niaf.org |date=March 29, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107095552/http://www.niaf.org/research/statistics2.asp |archive-date=January 7, 2010}}</ref> and the fifth-largest [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] community per the 1990 census.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/020012.shtml |title=Demographic, social, cultural characteristics of persons of Ukrainian ancestry in Chicago |work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] No. 2, Vol. LXVIII |date=January 9, 2000 | access-date = May 16, 2008 |last=Wolowyna |first=Oleh | archive-date = September 6, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906191606/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2000/020012.shtml | url-status = dead}} (based on 1990 US Census)</ref> Pittsburgh has one of the most extensive [[Croats|Croatian]] communities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxW_BKtCjqkC&q=croatian+descendants+in+pittsburgh&pg=PT277 |title=Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration [3 volumes]: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration |last=LeMay |first=Michael C. |date=December 10, 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313396441}}</ref> Overall, the Pittsburgh metro area has one of the largest populations of Slavic Americans in the country.

Pittsburgh has a sizable Black and African American population, concentrated in various neighborhoods especially in the East End. There is also a small Asian community consisting of Indian immigrants, and a small Hispanic community consisting of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.<ref name="thearda.com">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/38300/rcms2010_38300_metro_name_2010.asp |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |work=Metro-Area Membership Report |title=Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412153152/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/m/38300/rcms2010_38300_metro_name_2010.asp |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref>

According to a 2010 [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA) study, residents include 773,341 "Catholics"; 326,125 "Mainline Protestants"; 174,119 "Evangelical Protestants;" 20,976 "Black Protestants;" and 16,405 "Orthodox Christians," with 996,826 listed as "unclaimed" and 16,405 as "other" in the metro area.<ref name="thearda.com"/> A 2017 study by the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies at [[Brandeis University]] estimated the [[History of the Jews in Pittsburgh|Jewish population of Greater Pittsburgh]] was 49,200.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/ssri/pdfs/communitystudies/PittsburghJewishCommStudy.pdf |title=The 2017 Greater Pittsburgh Jewish Community Study |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221235539/https://www.brandeis.edu/ssri/pdfs/communitystudies/PittsburghJewishCommStudy.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |website=Brandeis University }}</ref> Pittsburgh is also cited as the location where the earliest precursor to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] was founded by [[Charles Taze Russell]]; today the denomination makes up approximately 1% of the population based on data from the [[Pew Research Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2023 |title=Jehovah's Witness {{!}} History, Beliefs & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jehovahs-Witnesses |access-date=October 18, 2023 |website=Britannica |language=en |first=J. Gordon |last=Melton }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/ |access-date=October 18, 2023 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 78% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 42% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered [[Protestant]], and 32% professing [[Catholic]] beliefs. while 18% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 4% of the population.<ref name="PEW"/>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pittsburgh (2014)<ref name="PEW">{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=November 3, 2020 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/pittsburgh-metro-area/}}</ref>
|float=left
|width=285px
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|dodgerblue|42}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]|#d4213d|32}}
{{bar percent|Other [[Christianity|Christian]]|Deepskyblue|3}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|grey|18}}
{{bar percent|Others|orange|4}}
{{bar percent|Don't know|black|1}}
}}

In 2010, there were 143,739 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 14.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $28,588, and the median income for a family was $38,795. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,816. About 15.0% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under the age of 18 and 13.5% ages 65 or older. By the 2019 [[American Community Survey]], the median income for a household increased to $53,799.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography Profile: Pittsburg city, PA |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US4261000|access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Families had a median income of $68,922; married-couple families had a median income of $93,500; and non-family households had a median income of $34,448. Pittsburgh's wealthiest suburbs within city limits are [[Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)|Squirrel Hill]] and [[Point Breeze, Pittsburgh|Point Breeze]], the only two areas of the city which have average household incomes over $100,000 a year. Outside of city limits, [[Sewickley Heights, Pennsylvania|Sewickley Heights]] is by a wide margin the wealthiest suburb of Pittsburgh within Allegheny County, with an average yearly household income of just over $218,000. Sewickely Heights is seen as one of Pittsburgh's wealthiest suburbs culturally as well, titles which the suburbs of [[Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania|Upper St. Clair]], [[Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania|Fox Chapel]], [[Wexford, Pennsylvania|Wexford]], and [[Warrendale, Pennsylvania|Warrendale]] also have been bestowed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Pittsburgh-Area's Wealthiest Towns: Sewickley Makes the List |url=https://patch.com/pennsylvania/sewickley/pittsburgh-areas-wealthiest-towns-sewickley-makes-the-list |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=Sewickley, PA Patch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/county/Pennsylvania/Allegheny-County/Household-Income#data-map/county-subdivision |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=statisticalatlas.com}}</ref>

In a 2002 study, Pittsburgh ranked 22nd of 69 urban places in the U.S. in the number of residents 25 years or older who had completed a bachelor's degree, at 31%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2002/R02T160.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212150154/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2002/R02T160.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2003 |title=U.S. Census Bureau: American Community Survey (ACS): Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed a Bachelor's Degree: Population 25 years and over (Place level) |publisher=Census.gov |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=April 11, 2009}}</ref> Pittsburgh ranked 15th of the 69 places in the number of residents 25 years or older who completed a high school degree, at 84.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2002/R13T160.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908122409/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2002/R13T160.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2003 |title=U.S. Census Bureau: American Community Survey (ACS): Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed High School (Including Equivalency): Population 25 years and over (Place level) |publisher=Census.gov |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=April 11, 2009}}</ref>

The [[Pittsburgh Metropolitan Area|metro area]] has shown greater residential [[racial integration]] during the last 30 years. The 2010 census ranked 18 other U.S. metros as having greater black-white [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]], while 32 other U.S. metros rank higher for black-white isolation.<ref name="US2010 report">{{cite report |last1=Logan |first1=John R. |first2=Brian J. |last2=Stults |title=The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census |publisher=Project US2010 |date=March 24, 2011 |url=http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/Data/Report/report2.pdf|access-date=July 24, 2012}}</ref>

As of 2018, much of Pittsburgh's population density was concentrated in the central, southern, and eastern areas. The city limits itself have a population density of 5,513 people per square mile; its most densely populated parts are [[Oakland (Pittsburgh)|North Oakland]] (at 21,200 per square mile) and [[Uptown Pittsburgh]] (at 19,869 per square mile). Outside of the city limits, [[Dormont, Pennsylvania|Dormont]] and [[Mount Oliver, Pennsylvania|Mount Oliver]] are Pittsburgh's most densely-populated neighborhoods, with 11,167 and 9,902 people per square mile respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/county-subdivision/Pennsylvania/Allegheny-County/Pittsburgh/Population |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=statisticalatlas.com}}</ref>

Most of Pittsburgh's immigrants are from [[China]], [[India]], [[Korea]] and [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2023 |title=New Americans in Pittsburgh |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/council_new_americans_in_pittsburgh_9_2023.pdf |access-date=December 22, 2023 |website=American Immigration Council |page=2 |publication-place=Pittsburgh}}</ref>

=== Demographic changes ===
Since the 1940s, some demographic changes have sometimes been caused by city initiatives for redevelopment.

Throughout the 1950s Pittsburgh's Lower Hill District faced massive demographic changes when 1,551, majority black, residents and 413 businesses were forced to relocate when the city of Pittsburgh used eminent domain to make space for the construction of the Civic Arena.<ref name="Lubove-1995" /> This Civic Arena ultimately opened in 1961.<ref name="Lubove-1995" /> The Civic Arena was built as part of one of Pittsburgh's revitalization campaigns. An auditorium in this space was initially proposed in 1947 by the Regional Planning Association and Urban Redevelopment Authority. The idea of an auditorium with a retractable roof that would house the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera was more specifically proposed in 1953 by the Allegheny Conference on Community Redevelopment. The following year the Public Auditorium Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County was formed. The Lower Hill District had been approved by the City Planning Commission in 1950.<ref name="Lubove-1995" /> Partially as a result of the Civic arena, the whole Hill District is estimated to only have 12,000 residents now.<ref name="Klein-2017">{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Emily |date=December 27, 2017 |title=The Hill District, a community holding on through displacement and development |url=http://www.publicsource.org/hill-district-displacement-development/ |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=PublicSource |language=en-US}}</ref> These governmental organizations caused demographic changes through creating a mass exodus from the lower hill district for the construction of the Civic Arena.<ref name="Lubove-1995" />

In the 1960s the Urban Redevelopment Authority attempted to redevelop East Liberty with the goal of preserving its status as a market center. Penn Center Mall was the result of this effort. In the process of constructing this mall, approximately 3,800 people were forced to relocate. This proved to be another case of government intervention resulting in demographic changes.<ref name="Gillette-2022">{{Cite book |last=Gillette |first=Howard |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1rdtwq2 |title=The Paradox of Urban Revitalization: Progress and Poverty in America's Postindustrial Era |date=2022 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5371-9 |pages=191–214|jstor=j.ctv1rdtwq2 }}</ref>

Later on, in the early 2000s, movement of businesses into East Liberty, such as Home Depot, Whole Foods, and Google, created another demographic shift. This era of redevelopment was led by private developers who catered to what one scholar described as “Florida’s creative class.” This change continued to be supported by the Urban Redevelopment Authority; particularly by the executive director Rob Stepney, who said of the redevelopment “We had an inspired and shared vision.” When describing the result of redevelopment he said “East Liberty went from blighted and ‘keep off the grass’ to the definition of what millennials are looking for.”<ref name="Gillette-2022" />

The Pittsburgh government’s choices during redevelopment and the resulting demographic changes have resulted in criticism and led some residents to believe that displacement was purposeful. In one article published in Public Source, a resident explains their belief that redevelopment plans are part of “deconcentration,” an effort to spread out black and low-income residents in order to prevent them from being concentrated in one place.<ref name="Klein-2017" /> Others worry that these demographic changes are part of government complicity in gentrification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=East Liberty will lose more affordable housing, but seller aims to fight long-term displacement |url=https://www.wesa.fm/development-transportation/2022-04-05/east-liberty-will-lose-more-affordable-housing-but-seller-aims-to-fight-long-term-displacement |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=90.5 WESA |language=en}}</ref> Gentrification is a process where wealthier residents move into an area, altering it by increasing housing / renting costs and changing the market for businesses in the area. This displaces current residents who are unable to afford living in the changed neighborhood. In East Liberty, for example, people frequently cite housing units being demolished and replaced by businesses as evidence of gentrification. For example, when the East Mall public housing unit was demolished in 2009, and a Target built in its place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Jeremiah |date=January 8, 2018 |title=What's left when the gentrifiers come marching in |url=http://www.publicsource.org/whats-left-when-the-gentrifiers-come-marching-in/ |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=PublicSource |language=en-US}}</ref>