Philippines Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Infrastructure == === Transportation === [[File:Traditional and modern jeepneys in Diliman, Quezon City on March 16, 2023.jpg|thumb|alt=Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other|Traditional ''(left)'' and modern [[jeepney]]s in [[Quezon City]]. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program|gradually being phased out]] in favor of eco-friendly [[European emission standards|Euro 4]]-compliant vehicles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malasique |first1=Arion Mari P. |last2=Rubio |first2=Windsor Redz C. |last3=Rosete |first3=Marie Antoinette L. |title=Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research |date=February 4, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45, 48 |url=https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/view/250/190 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |issn=2722-8878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050528/https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/download/250/190/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref>]] [[Transportation in the Philippines]] is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<ref name="ADBOrg-PH-Transport">{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |title=Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map |date=2012 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9092-855-3 |pages=1–2 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210126/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> In December 2018, there were {{convert|210528|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the country.<ref>{{cite report|date=February 22, 2019 |title=Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies |url=https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=Investor Relations Office |publisher=[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Department of Public Works and Highways]] |page=2}}</ref> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-26-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152e 152]}}</ref> Inter-island transport is by the {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]], an integrated set of highways and [[ferry]] routes linking 17 cities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Odchimar |first1=Anita II |last2=Hanaoka |first2=Shinya |title=Intermodal Road-RoRo Transport in the Philippines, its Development and Position in the Domestic Shipping |journal=Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |date=2015 |volume=11 |pages=741–746 |doi=10.11175/easts.11.739 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |issn=1881-1124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102758/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |via=[[J-STAGE]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |title=Bridges across Oceans: Initial Impact Assessment of the Philippines Nautical Highway System and Lessons for Southeast Asia |date=April 2010 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-561-896-0 |pages=11–17 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225182806/https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[Jeepney]]s are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496|name=496–497}}}} other public land transport includes [[List of bus companies of the Philippines|buses]], [[UV Express]], {{abbr|TNVS|transport network vehicle service}}, Filcab, [[Taxis of the Philippines|taxi]]s, and [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Department of Transportation |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |title=Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual |volume=1 |last2=Department of the Interior and Local Government |last3=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board |date=October 2017 |pages=7, 16 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020|author1-link=Department of Transportation (Philippines) |author2-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author3-link=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hansen |editor-first1=Arve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ |title=Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change |series=Routledge Studies in Transport, Environment and Development |editor-last2=Nielsen |editor-first2=Kenneth Bo |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-39672-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 125]}}</ref> Traffic is a significant issue [[Traffic in Metro Manila|in Manila]] and on arterial roads to the capital.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 2017 |title=Preparing the Metro Manila Transport Project, Phase 1: Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707035400/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Santos |first=Luis Pocholo A. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of Traffic Congestion in Business Development: A Literature Review |url=https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |journal=International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=27497–27498 |issn=2321-3361 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080714/https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Despite wider historical use,<ref>{{cite journal|date=1908 |title=The Railway Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ |journal=[[Railroad Gazette]] |language=en |volume=XLV |issue=5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 148] |issn=0149-4430 |oclc=675807010}}</ref> [[rail transportation in the Philippines]] is limited<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} to [[Rail transportation in Metro Manila|transporting passengers within Metro Manila]] and the provinces of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=September 20, 2019 |title=PNR extends train trips to Los Baños |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> and [[Quezon]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Barroga |first=Gienel |date=June 26, 2022 |title=PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062944/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> with a short track in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} The country had a railway footprint of only {{convert|79|km|sp=us}} {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, which it planned to expand to {{convert|244|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Galang |first1=Vincent Mariel P. |date=June 20, 2019 |title=JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011358/https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> A revival of [[freight rail]] is planned to reduce road congestion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Yee |first=Jovic |date=March 12, 2018 |title=PNR to offer freight service soon |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |archive-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |date=October 4, 2018 |title=DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> The Philippines had [[List of airports in the Philippines|90 national government-owned airports]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which eight are [[international airport|international]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim">{{cite journal|last1=Francisco |first1=Kris A. |last2=Lim |first2=Valerie L. |date=December 2022 |title=Philippine Air Transport Infrastructure: State, Issues, Government Strategies |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |pages=3–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074218/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]], formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the [[List of the busiest airports in the Philippines|greatest number of passengers]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim" /> The 2017<!-- see p. 149 in the supporting 2017 cite--> [[List of airlines of the Philippines|air domestic market]] was dominated by [[Philippine Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]] and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Park |first1=Seung Ho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Champions: Emerging Stalwarts in Regional Integration |last2=Ungson |first2=Gerardo Rivera |last3=Francisco |first3=Jamil Paolo S. |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-107-12900-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=About PAL |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |publisher=[[Philippine Airlines]]}}.</ref> and [[Cebu Pacific]] (the country's leading [[low-cost carrier]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC |title=The Report: Philippines 2009 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2009 |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-902339-12-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PA97 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Doria |first1=Sheena DC. |last2=De Vera |first2=Leo P. Jr. |last3=Parel |first3=Danice Angelee C. |title=Business Models and Selected Performance Metrics of Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |url=https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Pangasinan State University]]-Lingayen Campus |issn=2672-2992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184736/https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Roxas-Lim |first=Aurora |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, [[United Nations]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |pages=219–222 }}</ref> most are [[outrigger boat|double-outrigger]] vessels known as ''banca''<ref name="Aguilar-2004">{{cite book|last1=Aguilar |first1=Glenn D. |title=In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]]-[[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]] |location=Cebu City, Philippines |year=2004 |isbn=978-971-92753-4-3 |editor-last1=Silvestre |editor-first1=Geronimo |pages=118–121 |chapter=Philippine Fishing Boats |editor-last2=Green |editor-first2=Stuart J. |editor-last3=White |editor-first3=Alan T. |editor-last4=Armada |editor-first4=Nygiel |editor-last5=Luna |editor-first5=Cesar |editor-last6=Cruz-Trinidad |editor-first6=Annabelle |editor-last7=Carreon |editor-first7=Marciano F. III |chapter-url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429082453/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |via=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> or {{lang|fil|[[Bangka (boat)|bangka]]}}.<ref name="Funtecha-2000">{{cite journal|last=Funtecha |first=Henry F. |date=2000 |title=The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |publisher=[[University of San Carlos]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |issn=0115-0243 |pages=111–132 |jstor=29792457}}</ref> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<ref name="Aguilar-2004" /> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<ref name="Funtecha-2000" /> The Philippines has [[List of ports in the Philippines|over 1,800 seaports]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Juan |first=Andrea E. |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Expert presents options to resolve Philippine seaports' 'inadequacy' |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102195328/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref> of these, the principal seaports of [[Port of Manila|Manila]] (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Ali |first1=Mubarik |last2=Porciuncula |first2=Fe |title=Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food Production |date=December 1, 2001 |publisher=[[World Vegetable Center|AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center]] |isbn=978-92-9058-121-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic Bay|Subic Bay]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], [[Port of Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]], [[Port of General Santos|General Santos]], and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |title=Regional and subregional program links: Mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-203-0 |page=27 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates |date=March 1, 2005 |title=Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] |page=11}}</ref> === Energy === {{Main|Energy in the Philippines}} [[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|alt=A large dam, seen from above|The [[Ambuklao Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Bokod, Benguet]]]] The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 [[Watt|MW]] in 2021; 43 percent was generated from [[Coal mining in the Philippines|coal]], 14 percent from [[oil]], 14 percent [[hydropower]], 12 percent from [[natural gas]], and seven percent from [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] sources.<ref>{{cite report|title=2021 Power Statistics |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |publisher=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221042947/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref> It is the world's third-biggest [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|geothermal-energy producer]], behind the United States and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2022: Global Update Report |publisher=[[REN21]] Secretariat |location=Paris, France |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-948393-04-5 |page=108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616033736/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> The country's largest dam is the {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} [[San Roque Dam (Philippines)|San Roque Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Pangasinan]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |title=GCC Annual Review 2021 |publisher=The Green Certificate Company Limited |page=16 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225148/https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref> The [[Malampaya gas field]], discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|name=347}}}}<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2016 |date= 2016 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-910068-55-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122] |language=en}}</ref> The Philippines has three [[electrical grid]]s, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<ref name="Ma-2016">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ma |first1=Zheng |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Bo Nørregaard |last3=Billanes |first3=Joy Dalmacio |title=Smart Energy in the Philippines |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |website=SDU's Research Portal |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |pages=14, 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194551/https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |date=September 2016}}</ref> The [[National Grid Corporation of the Philippines]] manages [[Electricity sector in the Philippines|the country's power grid]] since 2009<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Gatdula |first1=Donnabelle L. |title=National Grid takes over TransCo |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |access-date=August 31, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011538/https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref> and provides [[overhead power line|overhead transmission line]]s across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers [[List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines|is provided]] by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned [[electric cooperative]]s.<ref name="Ma-2016" /> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<ref>{{cite report |title=40th Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) Implementation Status Report (For the Report Period April 2022) |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |website=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501231703/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |page=69}}</ref> Plans to harness [[Nuclear power in the Philippines|nuclear energy]] began during the early 1970s during the [[presidency of Ferdinand Marcos]] in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 2023 |title=Nuclear Power in the Philippines |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219230358/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> The Philippines completed [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant|Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant]] in [[Bataan]] in 1984.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021">{{cite book|editor-last1=Pekkanen |editor-first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics |editor-last2=Pekkanen |editor-first2=Saadia |date=October 25, 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-005099-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 311] |language=en}}</ref> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] prevented the plant from being commissioned,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Mochizuki |editor-first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ |title=Nuclear Debates in Asia: The Role of Geopolitics and Domestic Processes |editor-last2=Ollapally |editor-first2=Deepa M. |date=2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4700-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194] |language=en |author-link2=Deepa M. Ollapally}}</ref><ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines" /> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Tan |first1=Rebecca |last2=Enano |first2=Jhesset O. |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Clean-energy push puts abandoned Philippine nuclear plant back in spotlight |language=en |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126032945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> === Water supply and sanitation === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}} [[File:Banate Water District.jpg|thumb|alt=A low, blue building|A water-district office in [[Banate, Iloilo]]]] Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local [[water district]]s in cities or towns.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Franceys |editor-first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ |title=Regulating Water and Sanitation for the Poor: Economic Regulation for Public and Private Partnerships |editor-last2=Gerlach |editor-first2=Esther |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-55889-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kohsaka-2007">{{cite book|editor-last1=Kohsaka |editor-first1=Akira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ |title=Infrastructure Development in the Pacific Region |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-134-22761-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 227] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luZiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 |title=Rethinking Corporatization and Public Services in the Global South |date=April 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-78360-020-5 |language=en}}</ref> Metro Manila is served by [[Manila Water]] and [[Maynilad Water Services]]. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the [[National Water Resources Board]].<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to {{convert|91|e9m3|sp=us}} from {{convert|89|e9m3|sp=us}} in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱{{#expr:59.37+47.12+38.32}} billion.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Del Prado |first1=Divina Gracia L. |title=Country's Overall Water Use Efficiency increased by 5.5 percent in 2022 |date=October 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005062929/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2015, the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to [[improved sanitation]] and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ |title=Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment |date=2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-92-4-150914-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 68]}}</ref> Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities {{as of|2016|lc=y}}; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=46}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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