Monotheism

=====Islam=====
{{Main|God in Islam|Tawhid|Hanif|}}
[[File:Allah1.png|thumb|upright|Arabic calligraphy reading "Allah, may his glory be glorified"]]
In Islam, [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allāh]]) is [[omnipotence|all-powerful]] and [[omniscience|all-knowing]], the Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer and Judge of the universe.<ref name="EoQ-Quran">Gerhard Böwering, ''God and his Attributes'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref><ref name="esp22">{{cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |page=22}}</ref> [[God in Islam]] is strictly singular (''[[tawhid]]''){{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=88}} unique (''wahid'') and inherently One (''ahad''), all-merciful and omnipotent.<ref name="Britannica">"Allah." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Allāh exists on the ''[[Throne of God#Islam|Al-'Arsh]]'' {{qref|7|54|s=y|b=y}}, but the [[Quran]] states that "No vision can encompass Him, but He encompasses all vision. For He is the Most Subtle, All-Aware." ({{qref|6|103|b=y}})<ref name="esp22"/> 

Islam emerged in the 7th century CE in the context of both Christianity and Judaism, with some thematic elements similar to [[Gnosticism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Todd|title=Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qurʼan, Exegesis, Messianism and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion|year=2011 |publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415495394}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tisdall|first=William |title=The Sources of Islam: A Persian Treatise|year=1911|publisher=Morrison and Gibb|location=London |pages=46–74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rudolph|first=Kurt|title=Gnosis: The Nature And History of Gnosticism|year=2001|publisher=T&T Clark Int'l|location=London |isbn=978-0567086402|pages=367–390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoeller|first=Stephan A.|title=Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing|year=2002|publisher=Quest Books|location=Wheaton, IL |isbn=978-0835608169|pages=155–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew|title=The Gnostics: History, Tradition, Scriptures, Influence.|year=2008a|publisher=Watkins|isbn=978-1905857784 |url=https://archive.org/details/gnosticshistoryt00smit}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew |title=The Lost Sayings of Jesus: Teachings from Ancient Christian, Jewish, Gnostic, and Islamic Sources--Annotated & Explained |year=2006|publisher=Skylight Paths Publishing|isbn=978-1594731723}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Van Den Broek|first=Roelof|author-link=Roel van den Broek|title=Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times|year=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791436110 |pages=87–108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tillman|first=Nagel|title=The History of Islamic Theology from Muhammad to the Present|year=2000|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-1558762039|pages=215–234}}</ref> Islamic belief states that [[Muhammad]] did not bring a new religion from God, but rather the same religion as practiced by [[Islamic view of Abraham|Abraham]], [[Islamic view of Moses|Moses]], [[David in Islam|David]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and all the other [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]] of God.<ref>{{cite web |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |access-date=2010-12-18 |archive-date=2011-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213312/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The assertion of Islam is that the message of God had been corrupted, distorted or lost over time, and the Quran was sent to Muhammad in order to correct the lost message of the [[Tawrat]] (Torah), [[Injil]] (Gospel) and [[Zabur]].<ref>Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.</ref>{{sfn|Esposito|1998|pp=6, 12}}{{sfn|Esposito|2002|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|Peters|2003|p=9}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author1=F. Buhl | author2=A. T. Welch}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tahrif |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref>

The Quran asserts the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world; a unique and indivisible being who is independent of the creation.<ref name="EncRel">Vincent J. Cornell, ''Encyclopedia of Religion'', Vol 5, pp.3561-3562</ref> The Quran rejects binary modes of thinking such as the idea of a [[Dualistic cosmology|duality]] of God by arguing that both [[Goodness and evil|good and evil]] generate from God's creative act. God is a universal god rather than a local, tribal or parochial one; an absolute who integrates all affirmative values and brooks no evil.<ref name="Barlas96">Asma Barlas, Believing Women in Islam, p.96</ref> [[Ash'ari]] theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on such paradoxes as God's creation of evil, revelation had to accept ''bila kayfa'' (without [asking] how).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Tamara Sonn|title=Tawḥīd |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford |year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0788?rskey=y8ZWqZ |url-access=subscription |isbn=9780195305135}}</ref>

''Tawhid'' constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim [[Shahada|profession of faith]], "There is no god but [[Allah|God]], Muhammad is the messenger of God.<ref name="EoI">D. Gimaret, ''Tawhid'', [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref> To attribute divinity to a created entity is the only unpardonable sin mentioned in the Quran.<ref name="Barlas96"/> The entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of ''tawhid''.{{sfn|Ramadan|2005|p=230}}

Medieval Islamic philosopher [[Al-Ghazali]] offered a proof of monotheism from [[omnipotence]], asserting there can only be one omnipotent being. For if there were two omnipotent beings, the first would either have power over the second (meaning the second is not omnipotent) or not (meaning the first is not omnipotent); thus implying that there could only be one omnipotent being.<ref>Wainwright, William, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/monotheism Monotheism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318100216/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/monotheism/ |date=2019-03-18 }}", ''[[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</ref>

As they traditionally profess a concept of monotheism with a singular entity as God, Judaism<ref name="RebShmuleyKosherJoshkel"/> and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Judaism uses the term [[Shituf]] to refer to non-monotheistic ways of worshiping God. Although Muslims [[Veneration#Islam|venerate]] Jesus ([[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] in Arabic) as a prophet and messiah, they do not accept the doctrine that he was a begotten son of God.