Japanese language

== Gender in the Japanese language ==
Depending on the speakers’ gender, different linguistic features might be used.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Okamoto |first=Shigeko |title=Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology : Cultural Models and Real People |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |location=New York }}</ref> The typical [[lect]] used by females is called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:女性語#Japanese|女性語]]|joseigo}} and the one used by males is called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:男性語#Japanese|男性語]]|danseigo}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamono |first=Shigeko |date=2021 |title=Japanese Language and Gender Research: The Last Thirty Years and Beyond |url= |journal=Gender and Language |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=277–}}</ref> ''Joseigo'' and ''danseigo'' are different in various ways, including [[Personal pronoun|first-person pronoun]]s (such as ''watashi'' or ''atashi'' {{lang|ja|[[:wikt:私#Japanese|私]]}} for women and {{nihongo||[[:wikt:僕#Japanese|僕]]|boku}} for men) and sentence-final particles (such as {{nihongo||[[:wikt:わ|わ]]|wa}}, {{nihongo||[[:wikt:なの|なの]]|na no}}, or {{nihongo||[[:wikt:かしら|かしら]]|kashira}} for ''joseigo'', or {{nihongo||[[:wikt:ぞ|ぞ]]|zo}}, {{nihongo||[[:wikt:だ|だ]]|da}}, or {{nihongo||[[:wikt:よ|よ]]|yo}} for ''danseigo'').<ref name=":0" /> In addition to these specific differences, expressions and pitch can also be different.<ref name=":0" /> For example, ''joseigo'' is more gentle, polite, refined, indirect, modest, and exclamatory, and often accompanied by raised pitch.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kogal Slang ===
In the 1990s, the traditional feminine speech patterns and stereotyped behaviors were challenged, and a popular culture of “naughty” teenage girls emerged, called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:コギャル|コギャル]]|kogyaru}}, sometimes referenced in English-language materials as “kogal”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=MILLER |first=LAURA |title=Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments |url= |journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology |year=2004 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=225–247|doi=10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225 }}</ref> Their rebellious behaviors, deviant language usage, the particular make-up called {{nihongo||[[:wikt:ガングロ|ガングロ]]|ganguro}}, and the fashion became objects of focus in the mainstream media.<ref name=":1" /> Although kogal slang was not appreciated by older generations, the ''kogyaru'' continued to create terms and expressions.<ref name=":1" /> Kogal culture also changed Japanese norms of gender and the Japanese language.<ref name=":1" />