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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text===State of Israel=== ====Gradual annexation into Tel Aviv==== [[File:Jaffa borders.png|thumb|Red: current boundary (as of 2022); blue: UN proposed enclave (1947); green: historic boundary (as of 1944)]] [[File:Jaffa 1949.jpg|thumb|Last Tel Aviv–Jaffa border (1949); no street names in Jaffa at that time]] [[File:Alley in Jaffa.jpg|thumb|Alleyway in [[Jaffa's Old City]]]] [[File:Amerika kolonya 216.jpg|thumb|Former Hotel du Parc in Jaffa's American Colony]] [[File:Jaffa Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|[[Jaffa Light]]]] The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948.<ref name=Golan1995>Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv–Yafo's municipal boundaries, ''Planning Perspectives'', vol. 10, pp. 383–398.</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the well-off Jewish suburbs in the north of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name=Golan1995/> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan]], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name=Golan1995/> An alternative proposal, merging [[Bat Yam]] and [[Holon]] into Jaffa to form a bigger city south of Tel Aviv, was rejected on financial grounds, as the two small Jewish settlements lacked the funds necessary to sustain Jaffa.<ref name=ytlv1950/> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs of Maccabi ([[American–German Colony]]), Volovelsky (northwestern [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]]), [[Giv'at Herzl]], and [[Shapira, Tel Aviv|Shapira]]; territories outside Jaffa's municipal boundary, specifically the Arab neighbourhood of [[Abu Kabir]], the Arab village of [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]] and some of its agricultural land, and the working class Jewish areas of [[Hatikva, Tel Aviv|Hatikva]] and Ezra, were annexed to Tel Aviv at the same time, thus introducing around 50,000 new residents into the city.<ref name=ytlv1950/><ref name=Golan1995/> On 18 May 1949, the new boundary was drawn along Shari' Es Salahi (now Olei Zion Street) and Shari' El Quds (now Ben-Zvi Road), thereby adding into Tel Aviv the former Arab neighbourhood of [[Manshiya]] and part of Jaffa city centre, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name=Golan1995/> The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 16 June 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor [[Israel Rokach]], who had demanded government funding of 1M [[I£]] towards the expenses of providing municipal services to Jaffa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1950/06/14/01/article/50/ | title=סיפוח יפו לת"־חוק א | הארץ | 14 יוני 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1950/02/13/01/article/19/ | title=ממון התקציב דוחה את סיפוח יפו לת"א | הצפה | 13 פברואר 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref><ref name=Golan1995/> Jaffa was expected to consume 18% of the unified municipality's budget, while contributing only 4% of its income.<ref name=ytlv1950/> The two sides came to an agreement under which the government covered 100K I£ of the unified municipality's expenses, as well as funded healthcare, education, and social services for Jaffa residents directly from the state budget.<ref name=ytlv1950/> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed as Tel Aviv–Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name=Golan1995/> The population of Jaffa prior to the unification was estimated as 40,000, out of them 5,000 Arabs,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1949/10/05/01/article/15/ | title=fliiiwR'^ ,; ל _w וול _! 1 _! _^ , | הצפה | 5 אוקטובר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> and most of the others new ''[[olim]]''.<ref name=ytlv1950/> The land which had formerly belonged to Jaffa municipality, and was annexed into Tel Aviv, includes the neighbourhoods of [[Manshiya]], [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]], [[Giv'at Herzl]], and [[Shapira, Tel Aviv|Shapira]]; and such landmarks as [[Charles Clore Park]], [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], [[Carmel Market]], the former [[Jaffa railway station]], and the new [[Tel Aviv central bus station]]. On the other hand, Jaffa boundaries were expanded to the southeast, incorporating [[Gaon Stadium]] and the new neighbourhoods of [[Neve Ofer]], [[Jaffa Gimel]] and [[Jaffa Dalet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/01/15/01/article/6/ | title=דו"ת ועדת הגבולות | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 15 ינואר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> Other former Arab villages incorporated into Tel Aviv–Jaffa include [[Al-Mas'udiyya]], annexed on 20 December 1942,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1942/12/28/01/article/1/ | title=תליאביב גדלה־ ב6300 דונם | הארץ | 28 דצמבר 1942 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> in the New North; [[Jarisha]], annexed on 25 November 1943,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1943/11/30/01/article/27/ | title=הוכפל שטחה של תל־_&ביב | הצפה | 30 נובמבר 1943 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> on the southern bank of [[Yarkon River]]; [[Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi]], annexed on 31 March 1948,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/12/15/01/article/41/ | title=שכתות־הספר של תל־אביב | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 15 דצמבר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> and since 1957 redeveloped into [[Bavli]] neighbourhood; and [[Al-Shaykh Muwannis]], annexed on 25 February 1949,<ref name=Golan1995/> and since 1955 redeveloped into [[Tel Aviv University]] main campus. ;Streets renamed After the Jewish takeover, all pre-existing street names in Jaffa were abolished, and replaced with numeric identifiers. By 1954, only the four main streets had proper names: Jerusalem (former [[Djemal Pasha]]; then [[King George V]]; then No.1) Avenue; Tarshish (former Bustrus; then No.2; now [[David Raziel]]) Street; Eilat Street (former No.298); and Shalma Road (former No.310).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1951/10/14/01/article/17/ | title=יפו בשנת תשיא | ידיעות עירית תל אביב | 14 אוקטובר 1951 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1954/09/03/01/article/120/ | title=Untitled | על המשמר | 3 ספטמבר 1954 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית }}</ref> The road passing between [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]] and [[Neve Tzedek]] neighbourhoods was until 1948 named Tel Aviv Road, being the main thoroughfare between the two city centres. After the annexation of Florentin into Tel Aviv, it became an internal road in Tel Aviv, so its name no longer made sense. Thus the section lying within the new Tel Aviv boundaries was renamed into Jaffa Road; and the section which became the new Tel Aviv–Jaffa boundary, into Eilat Street. Salama Road, a main eastwards road from Jaffa towards the depopulated village of [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]], was renamed Shalma Road after the reconstructed Hebrew name of ''Capharsalama'' ({{lang-gr|Χαφαρσαλαμα}}) which is mentioned in {{Bibleverse|1|Maccabees|7:31}} as the location of the [[battle of Caphar-salama]]. However, both names remain in use.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-csiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | title=Life after Ruin: The Struggles over Israel's Depopulated Arab Spaces | isbn=9781107149472 | last1=Leshem | first1=Noam | year=2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Arabic street names were eventually replaced with Hebrew ones, e.g. Al-Kutub Street was renamed Resh Galuta Street, Abu Ubeyda Street was renamed She’erit Yisra’el Street, and Al-Salahi Street was renamed Olei Zion Street.<ref>Esther Zandberg: [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-where-the-streets-have-no-arabic-names-a-group-of-women-remind-us-of-history-1.10550382 Where the Streets Have No Arabic Name, a Group of Women Reminds Us of Palestinian History] [[Haaretz]], 20 January 2022.</ref> This practice has been criticized by residents of affected Arabic neighborhoods, who deem the names inappropriate (for example, a street named after Rabbi [[Simcha Bunim of Peshischa]] was called a "local laughingstock" by Tel Aviv-Jaffa city councillor Ahmed Belha;<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2001-05-22/ty-article/0000017f-eafa-d0f7-a9ff-eeff8b1f0000 | title=רק חמישה רחובות ביפו נושאים שמות ערביים | newspaper=הארץ }}</ref> and a street where the Al Siksik Mosque is located was renamed [[Beit Eshel]] Street, after a short-lived Jewish settlement in what is now [[Beersheba]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ברחובות שלנו: תושבי יפו הערבים נגד שמות הרחובות היהודיים |url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/54/ART1/965/929.html |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.makorrishon.co.il}}</ref>) and demand a return to Arabic names. ====Urban development==== From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the [[Old City (Jaffa)|Old City]] have been renovated, turning Jaffa into a tourist attraction featuring old restored buildings, art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes and promenades.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Many artists have moved their studios from Tel Aviv to the Old City and its surroundings, such as the Jaffa port,<ref>{{citation |quote=Today, local fisherman still use the harbor and the main hangars of the port have been restored and include art galleries |title=Areas to Visit |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Areas_to_Visit%20_2_.pdf |access-date= 18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712110558/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Areas_to_Visit%20_2_.pdf |archive-date= 12 July 2012}}</ref> the [[American–Germany Colony]] and the flea market.<ref>{{citation |quote= The Jaffa Flea Market [...] invites a younger, hipper crowd to inspect its newly added art galleries" |title= Jaffa Flea Market: a Place to Sharpen Those Haggling Skills! |date= 20 September 2012 |url= http://igoogledisrael.com/2011/09/jaffa-flea-market-a-place-to-sharpen-those-haggling-skills/ |author= Ashley}}</ref> Beyond the Old City and tourist sites, many neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor and underdeveloped. However, real-estate prices have risen sharply due to gentrification projects in Ajami, Noga, and Lev Yafo.<ref>{{citation |title= Changes in the air for Ajami: A mixed Arab-Jewish neighborhood in Jaffa balances itself between rundown remnants of old-world charm and upscale gentrification |first= Karin |last= Kloosterman |date= 29 November 2006 |work= The Jerusalem Post |url= http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=42958 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Canada, Israel won the bid to acquire 7.6 acres in prestigious area of south Tel Aviv – will pay 211 million |journal= TheMarker|url= http://www.themarker.com/realestate/1.3899714}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Tel Aviv American Colony buildings for sale |date= 11 February 2016 |url= http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-19th-century-tel-aviv-american-colony-bldgs-for-sale-1001102370 }}</ref> The municipality of Tel Aviv–Yafo is currently working to beautify and modernize the port area. 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