HIV/AIDS

=== Diet ===
{{Main|Nutrition and HIV/AIDS}}

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.<ref name='WHO_nutrients'>{{cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation |date=May 2003 |location=Geneva |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A generally healthy diet is promoted. Dietary intake of micronutrients at [[Reference Daily Intake|RDA]] levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of [[vitamin A]], [[zinc]], and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.<ref name="WHO_nutrients"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Forrester JE, Sztam KA |title=Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations? |journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=1683S–1689S |date=December 2011 |pmid=22089440 |pmc=3226021 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.011999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nunnari G, Coco C, Pinzone MR, Pavone P, Berretta M, Di Rosa M, Schnell M, Calabrese G, Cacopardo B |title=The role of micronutrients in the diet of HIV-1-infected individuals |journal=[[Frontiers in Bioscience]] |volume=4 |issue= 7|pages=2442–56 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22652651 |doi= 10.2741/e556|url=https://www.bioscience.org/2012/v4e/af/556/fulltext.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416074140/https://www.bioscience.org/2012/v4e/af/556/fulltext.htm  |url-status=live |archive-date=April 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeng L, Zhang L |title=Efficacy and safety of zinc supplementation for adults, children and pregnant women with HIV infection: systematic review |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1474–82 |date=December 2011 |pmid=21895892 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02871.x|s2cid=6711255 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, Irlam JH, Siegfried N |title=Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2017 |page=CD003650 |date=May 2017 |issue=5 |pmid=28518221 |pmc=5458097 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub4}}</ref>

People with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2 [[diabetes]] than those who are not tested positive with the virus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-diabetes#:~:text=People%20with%20HIV%20are%20more,and%20being%20overweight%20or%20obese |title=HIV and Diabetes |publisher=HIVInfo.NIH.gov |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102829/https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-diabetes#:~:text=People%20with%20HIV%20are%20more,and%20being%20overweight%20or%20obese |url-status=live }}</ref>

Evidence for supplementation with [[selenium]] is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW | title = Role of selenium in HIV infection | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 68 | issue = 11 | pages = 671–81 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20961297 | pmc = 3066516 | doi = 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x }}</ref> For pregnant and lactating women with HIV, [[multivitamin]] supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.<ref name=Siegfried2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siegfried N, Irlam JH, Visser ME, Rollins NN | title = Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD009755 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22419344 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009755 }}</ref> If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.<ref name=Siegfried2012/> There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Irlam JH, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Rollins NC | title = Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 10 | page= CD010666 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24114375 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010666 }}</ref>