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Switch editorYou have switched to source editingCloseYou can switch back to visual editing at any time by clicking on this icon.Visual editingSource editingMorePreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text== Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of the Czech Republic}} {{see also|List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic}} The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2020 was estimated at 1.71 children per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/ari/population-change-4-quarter-of-2015|title=Population change – year 2015|website=Population change – year 2015}}</ref> The Czech Republic's population has an average age of 43.3 years.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/|title= The World FactBook – Czechia|date=18 November 2021|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> The life expectancy in 2021 was estimated to be 79.5 years (76.55 years male, 82.61 years female).<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Czechia|access-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref> About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually.<ref>"[https://archive.today/20130217021757/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/scotch-irish/message/50884 Press: Number of foreigners in ČR up ten times since 1989]". Prague Monitor. 11 November 2009. </ref> [[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic|Vietnamese]] immigrants began settling in the country during the Communist period, when they were invited as [[guest workers]] by the Czechoslovak government.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Coilin|last=O'Connor|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/91826|title=Is the Czech Republic's Vietnamese community finally starting to feel at home?|work=Czech Radio|date=29 May 2007|access-date=1 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113225626/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/91826|archive-date=13 January 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/europe/05iht-viet.html|title=Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo|work=The New York Times |date=6 June 2009 |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325032042/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/europe/05iht-viet.html|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=live|last1=Bilefsky |first1=Dan }}</ref> Most decide to stay in the country permanently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreigners-working-in-the-czech-republic|title=Foreigners working in the Czech Republic|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=July 2006|access-date=3 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603021134/http://www.czech.cz/en/current-affairs/work-and-study/foreigners-working-in-the-czech-republic|archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> According to results of the 2021 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are [[Czechs]] (57.3%), followed by [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] (3.4%), [[Slovaks]] (0.9%), [[Ukrainians]] (0.7%), [[Vietnamese people|Viets]] (0.3%), [[Polish people|Poles]] (0.3%), [[Russians]] (0.2%), [[Silesians]] (0.1%) and [[Germans]] (0.1%). Another 4.0% declared combination of two nationalities (3.6% combination of Czech and other nationality). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, a number of people left this field blank (31.6%).<ref name="census2021"/> According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 [[Romani people]] in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romove.radio.cz/en/article/18158 |title=The History and Origin of the Roma |publisher=Romove.radio.cz |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425230018/http://romove.radio.cz/en/article/18158 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Peter S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/05/world/british-immigration-aides-accused-of-bias-by-gypsys.html |title=British Immigration Aides Accused of Bias by Gypsies |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 August 2001 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111163549/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/05/world/british-immigration-aides-accused-of-bias-by-gypsys.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Polish minority in the Czech Republic|Polish minority]] resides mainly in the [[Trans-Olza]] region.<ref>"[http://media.efhr.eu/2014/09/03/jaroslaw-jot-druzycki-poles-living-in-zaolzie-identify-themselves-better-with-czechs-2/ Jarosław Jot-Drużycki: Poles living in Zaolzie identify themselves better with Czechs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080011/http://media.efhr.eu/2014/09/03/jaroslaw-jot-druzycki-poles-living-in-zaolzie-identify-themselves-better-with-czechs-2/ |date=26 April 2018}}". ''European Foundation of Human Rights.'' 3 September 2014.</ref> There were 658,564 foreigners residing in the country in 2021,<ref>{{cite news |title=R01 Cizinci v ČR v letech 2004 – 2021 (stav k 31. 12.) |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27320905/c01R01_2021.pdf/3684c8ef-fc19-493e-8498-416697170c0a?version=1.0 |access-date=21 March 2023 |agency=Czech Statistical Office}}</ref> according to the [[Czech Statistical Office]], with the largest groups being [[Ukrainians in the Czech Republic|Ukrainian]] (22%), [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovak]] (22%), [[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic|Vietnamese]] (12%), [[Russians|Russian]] (7%) and [[Germans in the Czech Republic|German]] (4%). Most of the foreign population lives in Prague (37.3%) and Central Bohemia Region (13.2%).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreigners in the Czech Republic – 2017|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|year=2017|isbn=978-80-250-2781-3|location=Prague}}</ref> The [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Jewish]] population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was nearly annihilated by the Nazi Germans during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007323 |title=The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805153601/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007323 |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were approximately 3,900 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html|title=The Virtual Jewish Library|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102211/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html|archive-date=21 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The former Czech prime minister, [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan Fischer]], is of Jewish faith.<ref>"[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/118537 PM Fischer visits Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725075412/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/118537 |date=25 July 2009 }}". Radio Prague. 22 July 2009.</ref> Nationality of residents, who answered the question in the Census 2021:<ref>{{cite web |title=První výsledky Sčítání 2021 |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176460729/csu_sldb_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176460729/csu_sldb_2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Czech Statistical Office |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Všechny tabulky - sldb2021_pv_tabulky.xlsx |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176236044/sldb2021_pv_tabulky.xlsx |publisher=Czech Statistical Office |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Nationality !Share |- |Czech |83.76% |- |Moravian |4.99% |- |Czech and Moravian |2.50% |- |Slovak |1.33% |- |Ukrainian |1.08% |- |Czech and Slovak |0.82% |- |Vietnamese |0.44% |- |Polish |0.37% |- |Russian |0.35% |- |''Other'' |4.36% |} === Largest cities === {{Largest cities of the Czech Republic}} === Religion === {{Main|Religion in the Czech Republic|Religion in the European Union}} {{bar box |title=Religion in the Czech Republic (2011)<ref name="Czech Statistical Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/$File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf|title=Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups|access-date=23 April 2012|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184947/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/%24File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> |titlebar= |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Undeclared|Gray|44.7}} {{bar percent|Irreligion|Black|34.5}} {{bar percent|Catholicism|DarkOrchid|10.5}} {{bar percent|Believers, not members of other religions|Chartreuse|6.8}} {{bar percent|Other Christian churches|Turquoise|1.1}} {{bar percent|Protestantism|DodgerBlue|1}} {{bar percent|Believers, members of other religions|Crimson|0.7}} {{bar percent|Other religions / Unknown|HotPink|0.7}} }} About 75%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Czech_Republic_Tables_V3_a.pdf |title=End of year 2014 – Czech Republic |website=Wingia.com |access-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309123931/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Czech_Republic_Tables_V3_a.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> to 79%<ref name="Czech Statistical Office 27 February 2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20551795/17022014.pdf/c533e33c-79c4-4a1b-8494-e45e41c5da18?version=1.0|title=NÁBOŽENSKÁ VÍRA OBYVATEL PODLE VÝSLEDKŮ SČÍTÁNÍ LIDU|access-date=27 December 2017|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|date=27 February 2014|quote=Chapter 1. "Změny struktury obyvatel podle náboženské víry v letech 1991, 2001 a 2011"; table "Struktura obyvatel podle náboženské víry (náboženského vyznání) v letech 1991 – 2011": believers 20,8%; non-believers 34,5%; no declared religion 44,7%|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513040154/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20551795/17022014.pdf/c533e33c-79c4-4a1b-8494-e45e41c5da18?version=1.0|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> of residents of the Czech Republic do not declare having any religion or faith in surveys, and the proportion of convinced [[Atheism|atheists]] (30%) is the third highest in the world behind those of [[China]] (47%) and [[Japan]] (31%).<ref name="Global Index of Religion and Atheism">[https://secularpolicyinstitute.net/survey/global-index-of-religion-and-atheism/ Global Index of Religion and Atheism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226074016/https://secularpolicyinstitute.net/survey/global-index-of-religion-and-atheism/ |date=26 December 2017 }} [http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf Press Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065544/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |date=21 October 2013 }}. 2012. secularpolicyinstitute.net</ref>{{unreliable source|date=March 2024}} The [[Czech people]] have been historically characterized as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".<ref>Richard Felix Staar, ''Communist regimes in Eastern Europe'', Issue 269, p. 90</ref> The religious identity of the country has changed drastically since the first half of the 20th century, when more than 90% of [[Czechs]] were Christians.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spousta|first=Jan|title=Changes in Religious Values in the Czech Republic|journal=Czech Sociological Review|volume=38|number=3|pages=345–363|year=2002|doi=10.13060/00380288.2002.38.3.06|url=http://sreview.soc.cas.cz/uploads/db130c52c8dced9b7b41951573d5c9e4c2eb9a33_120_spousta9.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101115817/http://sreview.soc.cas.cz/pdfs/csr/2002/03/06.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> [[File:Saint WEnceslaus.jpg|thumb|[[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Saint Wenceslaus]], patron saint of the Czech lands]] Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. After the [[Bohemian Reformation]], most Czechs became [[Hussites|followers]] of [[Jan Hus]], [[Petr Chelčický]] and other regional [[Protestant Reformers]]. [[Taborites]] and [[Utraquists]] were [[Hussite]] groups. Towards the end of the [[Hussite Wars]], the Utraquists changed sides and allied with the Catholic Church. Following the joint Utraquist—Catholic victory, Utraquism was accepted as a distinct form of Christianity to be practiced in [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] by the [[Catholic Church]] while all remaining Hussite groups were prohibited. After the [[Reformation]], some Bohemians went with the [[Lutheranism|teachings of Martin Luther]], especially [[Sudeten Germans]]. In the wake of the Reformation, Utraquist Hussites took a renewed increasingly [[anti-Catholic]] stance, while some of the defeated Hussite factions were revived. After the [[Habsburgs]] regained control of Bohemia, the whole population was forcibly converted to Catholicism—even the Utraquist Hussites. Going forward, Czechs have become more wary and pessimistic of religion as such. A history of resistance to the Catholic Church followed. It suffered a schism with the neo-Hussite [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]] in 1920, lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing [[secularization]]. Protestantism never recovered after the [[Counter-Reformation]] was introduced by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian Habsburgs]] in 1620. Prior to the Holocaust, the Czech Republic had a sizable Jewish community of around 100,000. There are many historically important and culturally relevant Synagogues in the Czech Republic such as Europe's oldest active Synagogue, [[Old New Synagogue|The Old New Synagogue]] and the second largest Synagogue in Europe, the [[Great Synagogue (Plzeň)]]. The Holocaust decimated Czech Jewry and the Jewish population as of 2021 is 3,900.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/CZ |title=Czechia |publisher=World Jewish Congress |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% was Catholic, 0.8% was [[Protestant]] (0.5% [[Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren|Czech Brethren]] and 0.4% [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church|Hussite]]),<ref>The [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]] contains mixed Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and national elements. Classifying it as either one is disputable. For more details and dispute about this, see [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]].</ref> and 9% followed other forms of religion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered they are [[Neopaganism|Pagan]]). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion.<ref name="Czech Statistical Office" /> From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf|title=Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses|language=cs, en|access-date=9 March 2010|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195344/http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engt/24003E05ED/$File/4032080119.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim population is estimated to be 20,000 representing 0.2% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe's Growing Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> The proportion of religious believers varies significantly across the country, from 55% in [[Zlín Region]] to 16% in [[Ústí nad Labem Region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Data za poměrové ukazatele – sldb2021 |url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176236044/sldb2021_pv_pomer_ukazatele.xlsx |publisher=Czech Statistical Office |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> === Education and health care === {{Main|Education in the Czech Republic|Healthcare in the Czech Republic|Healthcare in the Czech Republic = }} [[File:156 Univerzita Karlova, o Karolinum (Universitat Carolina).jpg|left|thumb|The oldest part of [[Charles University]], founded in 1348]] Education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for nine years and citizens have access to a [[Free education|free-tuition]] [[Tertiary education in the Czech Republic|university education]], while the average number of years of education is 13.1.<ref name="Sign In">{{Cite journal|title=Expansion of schooling and educational inequality in Europe: the educational Kuznets curve revisited|date=10 December 2013|url=https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract/66/3/660/2364602/Expansion-of-schooling-and-educational-inequality?redirectedFrom=fulltext|doi=10.1093/oep/gpt036|journal=Oxford Economic Papers|first1=Elena |last1=Meschi |first2=Francesco|last2=Scervini|volume=66|issue=3|pages=660–680|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124101304/https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract/66/3/660/2364602/Expansion-of-schooling-and-educational-inequality?redirectedFrom=fulltext|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the Czech Republic has a "relatively equal" educational system in comparison with other countries in Europe.<ref name="Sign In" /> Founded in 1348, [[Charles University]] was the first university in [[Central Europe]]. Other major universities in the country are [[Masaryk University]], [[Czech Technical University in Prague|Czech Technical University]], [[Palacký University, Olomouc|Palacký University]], [[Academy of Performing Arts in Prague|Academy of Performing Arts]] and [[University of Economics, Prague|University of Economics]]. The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th most successful in the world, higher than the OECD average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf |title=Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale |work=OECD.org |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229020307/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UN [[Education Index]] ranks the Czech Republic 10th {{as of|2013|lc=y}} (positioned behind [[Denmark]] and ahead of [[South Korea]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-index|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104212133/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-index|url-status=dead|title=Education index | Human Development Reports|archivedate=4 January 2018|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> Health care in the Czech Republic is similar in quality to that of other developed nations. The Czech [[universal health care]] system is based on a [[Health insurance mandate|compulsory insurance model]], with [[fee-for-service]] care funded by mandatory employment-related insurance plans.<ref name=primary>{{cite journal| pmc=1534002 | pmid=16902697 | volume=1 | title=Primary health care in the Czech Republic: brief history and current issues | journal=Int J Integr Care | page=e06 | last1=Holcik | first1=J | last2=Koupilova | first2=I | year=2000 | doi=10.5334/ijic.8 | doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the 2016 [[Euro health consumer index]], a comparison of [[healthcare in Europe]], the Czech healthcare is 13th, ranked behind [[Sweden]] and two positions ahead of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="EHCI 2016">{{cite web| url=http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2016/EHCI_2016_report.pdf| title=Euro Health Consumer Index 2016| publisher=Health Consumer Powerhouse| access-date=8 April 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014090901/https://healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2016/EHCI_2016_report.pdf| archive-date=14 October 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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