Crusades

==Historiography==
{{main|Historiography of the Crusades}}The [[historiography of the Crusades]] is concerned with their "history of the histories" during the Crusader period. The subject is a complex one, with overviews provided in ''Select Bibliography of the Crusades,<ref>Zacour, N. P.; Hazard, H. W., Editor. [http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf Select Bibliography of the Crusades]. (A History of the Crusades, volume, VI) Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 511–664.</ref> Modern Historiography'',<ref name=":65">Tyerman, Christopher (2006). "Historiography, Modern". ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 582–588.</ref> and ''Crusades (Bibliography and Sources'').<ref name=":332">Bréhier, Louis René (1908). "[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crusades (Bibliography and Sources)|Crusades (Sources and Bibliography)]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref> The histories describing the Crusades are broadly of three types: (1) The [[primary source]]s of the Crusades,{{sfn|Slack|2013|p=111|loc=Historians}} which include works written in the medieval period, generally by participants in the Crusade or written contemporaneously with the event, letters and documents in archives, and archaeological studies; (2) [[secondary source]]s, beginning with early consolidated works in the 16th century and continuing to modern times; and (3) [[tertiary source]]s, primarily encyclopedias, bibliographies and genealogies.

[[File:William_of_tyre.jpg|alt=A miniature painting from a medieval manuscript, showing a man sitting at a desk writing a book.|right|thumb|William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century [[Old French language|Old French]] translation, [[Bibliothèque Nationale]], Paris, MS 2631, f.1r]]

'''Primary sources.''' The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarised in the [[list of sources for the Crusades]].<ref>Halsall, Paul (ed.). "[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/sbook1k.asp Selected Sources{{snd}}The Crusades]". ''[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]''. Fordham University.</ref> For the First Crusade, this includes the [[List of sources for the Crusades#Original Latin chronicles of the First Crusade|original Latin chronicles]], including the ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'', works by [[Albert of Aix|Albert of Aachen]] and [[Fulcher of Chartres]], the ''[[Alexiad]]'' by Byzantine princess [[Anna Komnene]], the [[The Complete History|''Complete Work of History'']] by Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], and the ''Chronicle'' of Armenian historian [[Matthew of Edessa]]. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections [[Recueil des historiens des croisades|''Recueil des historiens des croisades'' (RHC)]] and [[Crusade Texts in Translation]]. The work of [[William of Tyre]], ''Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum,'' and its continuations by later historians complete the foundational work of the traditional Crusade.<ref>Primary Bibliography. In Phillips, J., Holy Warriors (2009).</ref> Some of these works also provide insight into the later Crusades and Crusader states. Other works include:
* Eyewitness accounts of the Second Crusade by [[Odo of Deuil]] and [[Otto of Freising]]. The Arab view from Damascus is provided by [[ibn al-Qalanisi]].
* Works on the Third Crusade such as [[Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum|''Libellus de Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum expeditione'']], the ''[[Itinerarium Regis Ricardi]],'' and the works of Crusaders [[Tageno]] and [[Roger of Howden]], and the narratives of [[Richard of Devizes]], [[Ralph de Diceto]], [[Ralph of Coggeshall]] and [[Arnold of Lübeck]]. The Arabic works by [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani|al-Isfahani]] and [[Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi|al-Maqdisi]] as well as the biography of Saladin by [[Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad]] are also of interest.
* The Fourth Crusade is described in the ''[[Devastatio Constantinopolitana]]'' and works of [[Geoffrey of Villehardouin]], in his chronicle ''[[De la Conquête de Constantinople]],'' [[Robert de Clari]] and [[Gunther of Pairis]]. The view of Byzantium is provided by [[Niketas Choniates]] and the Arab perspective is given by [[Abū Shāma]] and [[Abu'l-Fida]].
* The history of the Fifth and Sixth Crusades is well represented in the works of [[Jacques de Vitry]], [[Oliver of Paderborn]] and [[Roger of Wendover]], and the Arabic works of [[Badr al-Din al-Ayni]].
* Key sources for the later Crusades include ''[[Templar of Tyre|Gestes des Chiprois]]'', [[Jean de Joinville]]'s ''Life of Saint Louis,'' as well as works by [[Guillaume de Nangis]], [[Matthew Paris]], [[Fidentius of Padua]] and [[Al-Maqrizi|al-Makrizi]].

After the fall of Acre, the crusades continued in through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are the [[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades]]<ref name=":142">Setton, K. M. (Kenneth Meyer). (1969). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000328114/Home A history of the Crusades]. [2d ed.] Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> and [[Norman Housley]]'s ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar.''<ref>Housley, Norman (1992). ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar.'' Oxford University Press.</ref> Complete bibliographies are also given in these works.

'''Secondary sources.''' The secondary sources of the Crusades began in the 16th century, with one of the first uses of the term ''crusades'' by 17th century French historian [[Louis Maimbourg]] in his ''Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte.''<ref>Maimbourg, L. (1677). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011820873/Home ''Histoire des croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte'']. 2d ed. Paris.</ref>{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=258|loc=Historiography}}  Other works of the 18th century include [[Voltaire]]'s ''Histoire des Croisades'',<ref>Voltaire (1751). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008428814/Home ''Histoire des croisades'']. Berlin.</ref> and Edward Gibbon's [[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]], excerpted as ''The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261''.<ref name=":12">Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859904/Home The crusades]. London.</ref> This edition also includes an essay on [[chivalry]] by [[Walter Scott]], whose works helped popularize the Crusades. Early in the 19th century, the monumental ''Histoire des Croisades'' was published by the French historian [[Joseph François Michaud]], a major new narrative based on original sources.<ref name=":82">Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.). (1841). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008232607/Home ''Histoire des croisades'']. 6. éd. Paris.</ref><ref name=":311">Michaud, J. Fr., Robson, W. (1881). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006664455/Home The history of the crusades]. New ed. London.</ref>

These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the [[Crusading movement#Later Historiography|Historiography]] writeup in [[Crusading movement]]. Modern works that serve as secondary source material are listed in the Bibliography section below and need no further discussion here.<ref>Secondary Bibliography. In Phillips, J. Holy Warriors (2009).</ref>

'''Tertiary sources.''' Three such works are: [[Louis Bréhier|Louis Bréhier's]] multiple works on the Crusades<ref>''[[s:Author:Louis René Bréhier|Louis René Bréhier (1868–1951)]]'' (1913). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref> in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]; the works of [[Ernest Barker]]<ref>[[s:Author:Ernest Barker|Ernest Barker (1874–1960)]] (1911). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Index (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.</ref> in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] (11th edition), later expanded into a separate publication;{{sfn|Barker|1923|pp=1–122|loc=The Crusades}} and ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia'' (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray.{{sfn|Murray|2006}}