Austria

===Ethnic groups===
Historically, before 1945, [[Austrians]] were regarded as ethnic [[Germans]] and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by [[Austrian nationalism]] in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II.<ref name="Keyserlingk1990">{{Cite book |last=Keyserlingk |first=Robert H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dhlsGPtyMC&pg=PA138 |title=Austria in World War II: An Anglo-American Dilemma |date=1 July 1990 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-0800-2 |pages=138ff |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052943/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dhlsGPtyMC&pg=PA138 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Thaler2001">{{Cite book |last=Thaler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjUA1kQk54C&pg=PA72 |title=The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building in a Modern Society |publisher=Purdue University Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-55753-201-5 |pages=72ff |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928131759/https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjUA1kQk54C&pg=PA72 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wodak2009">{{Cite book |last=Wodak |first=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5ccx_uVfg0C&pg=PA56 |title=The Discursive Construction of National Identity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-3734-8 |pages=56ff |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928100457/https://books.google.com/books?id=W5ccx_uVfg0C&pg=PA56 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Austria was part of [[East Francia]] ([[Kingdom of Germany]]) and the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]] from 996 to 1806 and was part of the [[German Confederation]], a loose [[confederation]] of 39 predominantly German-speaking [[sovereign state]]s, from 1815 until the [[Austro-Prussian war]] in 1866, which resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the [[North German Confederation]] led by Prussia and excluding Austria. In 1871, Germany was [[Unification of Germany|founded as a nation-state]], Austria [[German question|was not a part of it]]. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" ([[Republic of German-Austria]]) and that it was part of the [[Weimar Republic|German Republic]]. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious [[Allies of World War I]] upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. In 1938, Austria became part of Nazi Germany. After the events of World War II and [[Nazism]], Austria declared independence from Germany on 27 April 1945 and [[Austrian nationalism|Austrian]] [[national identity]] has been popular in Austria since then, and nowadays Austrians do not consider themselves as Germans but as ethnic Austrians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2008 |title=Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation |url=http://derstandard.at/3261105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010231817/http://derstandard.at/3261105 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=25 March 2013 |publisher=Derstandard.at }}</ref>

Austrians today may be described either as a [[nationality]] or as a homogeneous [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[ethnic group]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-313-30984-7 |page=769 |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321014815/http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> that is closely related to neighbouring [[Germans]], [[Liechtensteiners]], and [[German-speaking Switzerland|German-speaking]] [[Swiss people|Swiss]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Jeffrey |title=Ethnic groups of Europe |pages=23 |author-link=Jeffrey Cole}}</ref> Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austria – people and society – ethnic groups |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria |access-date=29 May 2013 |publisher=CIA – The world fact book |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110074413/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:COB data Austria.PNG|upright=1.25|thumb|The birthplaces of foreign-born naturalised residents of Austria]]
The [[Turks in Austria|Turks]] are the largest single immigrant group in Austria,<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749d5cc,0.html "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Austria: Turks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011430/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749d5cc,0.html |date=29 April 2011 }}. Minority Rights Group International, ''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Austria: Turks, 2008.'' Online. UNHCR Refworld</ref> closely followed by the [[Serbs in Austria|Serbs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beč: Božić na gastarbajterski način &#124; Evropa &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 07.01.2010 |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5096611,00.html?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104161123/http://www.dw.de/be%C4%8D-bo%C5%BEi%C4%87-na-gastarbajterski-na%C4%8Din/a-5096611-1?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=25 April 2010 |publisher=Dw-world.de }}</ref> Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palić |first=Svetlana |date=17 July 2011 |title=Četiri miliona Srba našlo uhlebljenje u inostranstvu |work=Blic |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/266353/Cetiri-miliona-Srba-naslo-uhlebljenje-u-inostranstvu |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026114845/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/266353/Cetiri-miliona-Srba-naslo-uhlebljenje-u-inostranstvu |archive-date=26 October 2015 |quote=Austriji (300.000) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008 |title=Serben-Demo eskaliert in Wien |work=20 Minuten |publisher=[[20 Minuten|20 Minuten Online]] |url=http://www.20min.ch/news/ausland/story/23772093 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223062706/http://www.20min.ch/news/ausland/story/23772093 |archive-date=23 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2010 |title=Srbi u Austriji traže status nacionalne manjine |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/209899/Srbi-u-Austriji-traze-status-nacionalne-manjine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109205055/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/209899/Srbi-u-Austriji-traze-status-nacionalne-manjine |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Blic |quote="Srba u Austriji ima oko 300.000, po brojnosti su drugi odmah iza Austrijanaca i više ih je od Slovenaca, Mađara i Gradištanskih Hrvata zajedno, koji po državnom ugovoru iz 1955. godine imaju status nacionalne manjine u Austriji", navodi se u saopštenju. }}</ref> Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], when [[Vojvodina]] was under Imperial control. Following [[World War II]] the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in [[Vienna]], [[Salzburg]], and [[Graz]].

Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former [[Eastern Bloc|East Bloc]] nations. [[foreign worker|Guest workers]] ''(Gastarbeiter)'' and their descendants, as well as refugees from the [[Yugoslav wars]] and other conflicts, also form an important [[minority group]] in Austria. Since 1994 the [[Romani people]] and [[Sinti]] have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.

An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 [[Slovenes]] in the Austrian federal state [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] (the [[Carinthian Slovenes]]) as well as [[Croats]] (around 30,000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=HKDC Geschichte – Frame |url=http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706090820/http://www.croates.at/haupt/gesch_fr.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=21 November 2008 |publisher=Croates.at}}</ref> and [[Hungarians]] in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty ({{Lang|de|Staatsvertrag}}) of 1955.<ref name="johnson 153"/> The Slovenes in the Austrian federal state [[Styria]] (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Treaty (with annexes and maps) for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria. Signed at Vienna, on 15 May 1955 - dipublico.org |url=https://www.dipublico.org/100823/state-treaty-with-annexes-and-maps-for-the-re-establish%c2%adment-of-an-independent-and-democratic-austria-signed-at-vienna-on-15-may-1955 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=www.dipublico.org |language=es |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416090109/https://www.dipublico.org/100823/state-treaty-with-annexes-and-maps-for-the-re-establish%c2%adment-of-an-independent-and-democratic-austria-signed-at-vienna-on-15-may-1955/ |url-status=live }}</ref>