Apartheid

=== Organisation for African Unity ===
{{See also|Lusaka Manifesto}}

The [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) was created in 1963. Its primary objectives were to eradicate colonialism and improve social, political and economic situations in Africa. It censured apartheid and demanded sanctions against South Africa. African states agreed to aid the liberation movements in their fight against apartheid.<ref name=geld>Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). ''Isolated states: a comparative analysis.'' Cambridge University Press. p. 274.</ref> In 1969, fourteen nations from Central and East Africa gathered in [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]], and formulated the ''[[Lusaka Manifesto]]'', which was signed on 13 April by all of the countries in attendance except [[Malawi]].<ref>Royal African Society (1970). ''African affairs, Volumes 69–70.'' Oxford University Press. p. 178.</ref> This manifesto was later taken on by both the OAU and the United Nations.<ref name=geld />

The [[Lusaka Manifesto]] summarised the political situations of self-governing African countries, condemning racism and inequity, and calling for Black majority rule in all African nations.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hall | first1 = Richard | year = 1970 | title = The Lusaka Manifesto | journal = African Affairs | volume = 69 | issue = 275| pages = 178–179 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095995}}</ref> It did not rebuff South Africa entirely, though, adopting an appeasing manner towards the apartheid government, and even recognizing its autonomy. Although African leaders supported the emancipation of Black South Africans, they preferred this to be attained through peaceful means.<ref>Rubin, Leslie; Weinstein, Brian (1977). ''Introduction to African politics: a continental approach.'' Praeger. p. 128.</ref>

South Africa's negative response to the Lusaka Manifesto and rejection of a change to its policies brought about another OAU announcement in October 1971. The ''Mogadishu Declaration'' stated that South Africa's rebuffing of negotiations meant that its Black people could only be freed through military means, and that no African state should converse with the apartheid government.<ref>Klotz, Audie (1999). ''Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid.'' Cornell University Press. p. 77.</ref>