Trinity

== Nontrinitarian Christian beliefs ==
{{Main|Nontrinitarianism}}
[[Nontrinitarianism]] (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Various nontrinitarian views, such as [[Adoptionism]], [[Monarchianism]], and [[Arianism]] existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 360, and 431, at the Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, respectively.<ref name="vonharnack"/> Following the adoption of trinitarianism at [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople in 381]], [[Arianism]] was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Germanic tribes. When the [[Franks]] converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=100}} Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the [[Gnosticism]] of the [[Cathars]] in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the [[Age of Enlightenment]] of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the [[Second Great Awakening]] of the 19th century.{{efn|See also [[Binitarianism]]}}

Arianism was condemned as [[Heresy#Christianity|heretical]] by the [[First Council of Nicaea#Arian controversy#Result of the debate|First Council of Nicaea]] and, lastly, with [[Sabellianism]] by the [[Second Ecumenical Council]] (Constantinople, 381 CE).{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=173}} Adoptionism was declared as heretical by the Ecumenical Council of Frankfurt, convened by the Emperor Charlemagne in 794 for the Latin West Church.{{sfn|Meens|2016|p=64}}

Modern nontrinitarian groups or [[Christian denomination|denominations]] include [[Christadelphians]], [[Christian Science]], [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Dawn Bible Students]], [[Iglesia ni Cristo]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Living Church of God]], [[Members Church of God International]], [[Oneness Pentecostalism|Oneness Pentecostals]], [[La Luz del Mundo]], the [[Church of God (Seventh Day)|Seventh Day Church of God]], [[Unitarianism#Modern Christian Unitarian organizations|Unitarian Christians]], [[United Church of God]], and [[The Shepherd's Chapel]].

As pointed out by [[Jonathan Israel]],<ref>[[Jonathan Israel]], "The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806"</ref> the 17th Century [[Dutch Republic]] was more religiously tolerant than other European countries of the time, but its dominant Calvinist Church drew the line at groups who denied the Trinity; this was considered an intolerable aberration, and such groups were subject to various forms of persecution in the Netherlands.