Sleep deprivation

=== Cardiovascular morbidity ===
Decreased sleep duration is associated with many adverse cardiovascular consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2019|title=CDC - Sleep and Chronic Disease - Sleep and Sleep Disorders|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/chronic_disease.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knutson KL, Van Cauter E, Rathouz PJ, Yan LL, Hulley SB, Liu K, Lauderdale DS | title = Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife: the CARDIA sleep study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 169 | issue = 11 | pages = 1055–1061 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19506175 | pmc = 2944774 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.119 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Lauderdale DS | title = Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification | journal = JAMA | volume = 300 | issue = 24 | pages = 2859–2866 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19109114 | pmc = 2661105 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2008.867 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabanayagam C, Shankar A | title = Sleep duration and cardiovascular disease: results from the National Health Interview Survey | journal = Sleep | volume = 33 | issue = 8 | pages = 1037–1042 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20815184 | pmc = 2910533 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/33.8.1037 }}</ref> The [[American Heart Association]] has stated that sleep restriction is a risk factor for adverse cardiometabolic profiles and outcomes. The organization recommends healthy sleep habits for ideal cardiac health, along with other well-known factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diet, glucose, weight, smoking, and physical activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = St-Onge MP, Grandner MA, Brown D, Conroy MB, Jean-Louis G, Coons M, Bhatt DL | title = Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 134 | issue = 18 | pages = e367–e386 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27647451 | pmc = 5567876 | doi = 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000444 }}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] has noted that adults who sleep less than seven hours per day are more likely to have chronic health conditions, including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and stroke, compared to those with an adequate amount of sleep.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2019|title=CDC - Data and Statistics - Sleep and Sleep Disorders|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data_statistics.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>

In a study that followed over 160,000 healthy, non-obese adults, the subjects who self-reported sleep duration less than six hours a day were at increased risk for developing multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. They presented with increased central obesity, elevated fasting glucose, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. The presence or lack of insomnia symptoms did not modify the effects of sleep duration in this study.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng HB, Tam T, Zee BC, Chung RY, Su X, Jin L, Chan TC, Chang LY, Yeoh EK, Lao XQ | title = Short Sleep Duration Increases Metabolic Impact in Healthy Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study | journal = Sleep | volume = 40 | issue = 10 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28977563 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/zsx130 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The United Kingdom Biobank studied nearly 500,000 adults who had no cardiovascular disease, and the subjects who slept less than six hours a day were associated with a 20 percent increase in the risk of developing myocardial infarction (MI) over a seven-year follow-up period. Interestingly, a long sleep duration of more than nine hours a night was also a risk factor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Daghlas I, Dashti HS, Lane J, Aragam KG, Rutter MK, Saxena R, Vetter C | title = Sleep Duration and Myocardial Infarction | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 74 | issue = 10 | pages = 1304–1314 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31488267 | pmc = 6785011 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.022 }}</ref>