September 11 attacks

== Aftermath ==
{{Main|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks}}

{{See also|Post-9/11}}

=== Health issues ===
{{Main|Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}

[[File:Dust covered 911 victims.jpg|thumb|Survivors covered in dust after the collapse of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade towers]]. A photograph of another dust-covered victim [[Marcy Borders]] (1973–2015) subsequently gained much attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-11 |title=The tragic story of 'Dust Lady' and other 9/11 survivors with fatal health problems |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/marcy-borders-dust-lady-911-b1916365.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilkington |first=Ed |date=2015-09-21 |title=9/11 'Dust Lady' Marcy Borders: depression, rehab, back from the brink – then a final bombshell |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/21/911-dust-lady-marcy-borders-depression-rehab-back-from-the-brink-then-a-final-bombshell |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants and known carcinogens were spread across Lower Manhattan when the Twin Towers' collapsed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gates |first=Anita |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/11dust.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |work=The New York Times |date=September 5, 2006|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|fatal or debilitating illnesses]] among people who were at Ground Zero.<ref name="CNN 2007-05-24">{{cite news|title=New York: 9/11 toxins caused death|publisher=CNN|date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618154824/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/nyregion/13symptoms.html |title=Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=May 13, 2006|work=The New York Times |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The Bush administration ordered the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Heilprin |first=John |title=White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=June 23, 2003 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/White-House-edited-EPA-s-9-11-reports-1122465.php |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref>

Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens |publisher=Sierra Club |year=2006 |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611191219/http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Stephen |title=9/11 "Wall of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/28/national/main4049362.shtml |publisher=CBS News |date=April 28, 2008 |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shukman |first=David |title=Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands of people |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14738140 |publisher=BBC News |date=September 1, 2011|access-date=September 11, 2011}}</ref> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions and that 30%–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|title=Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/nyregion/08lung.html|access-date=September 4, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 7, 2010}}</ref>

Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anthony |last=DePalma |title=Many Ground Zero Workers Gain Chance at Lawsuits |work=The New York Times |date=October 18, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/18toxic.html |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the attacks' aftermath, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.<ref>{{cite news|first=Larry |last=Neumeister |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2006/02/02/national/a142556S81.DTL |title=Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over Sept. 11 |agency=Associated Press |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=February 2, 2006 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524084609/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F02%2F02%2Fnational%2Fa142556S81.DTL |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater [[Wall Street]] area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ben |title=Rudy's black cloud. WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rudy-black-cloud-wtc-health-risks-hurt-prez-bid-article-1.618126 |work=New York Daily News |date=September 18, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref>

On December 22, 2010, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act]], which President [[Barack Obama]] signed into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2{{spaces}}billion to create the [[World Trade Center Health Program]], which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/20/new.york.9.11.bill/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill |date=December 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="WTCHP faq">{{cite web|title=World Trade Center Health Program FAQ|url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/faq.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=July 2, 2012}}</ref> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<ref name="WTCHP faq" />

In 2020, the NYPD confirmed that 247 NYPD police officers had died due to 9/11-related illnesses. In September 2022, the FDNY confirmed that the total number of firefighters who died due to 9/11-related illnesses was 299. Both agencies believe that the death toll will rise dramatically in the coming years. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department]] (PAPD), the law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over the World Trade Center due to the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] owning the site confirmed that four of its police officers have died of 9/11-related illnesses. The chief of the PAPD at the time, Joseph Morris, made sure that industrial-grade respirators were provided to all PAPD police officers within 48 hours and decided that the same 30 to 40 police officers would be stationed at the World Trade Center pile, drastically lowering the number of total PAPD personnel who would be exposed to the air. The FDNY and NYPD had rotated hundreds, if not thousands, of different personnel from all over New York City to the pile, which exposed many of them to dust that would give them cancer or other diseases years or decades later. Also, they were not given adequate respirators and breathing equipment that could have prevented future diseases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/memorials/9-11-tribute.page |title=9/11 Tribute |publisher=NYPD |access-date=19 September 2022}}{{title missing|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/fdny/news/022-22/fdny-adds-37-names-memorial-wall-deaths-related-world-trade-center-illnesses |title=FDNY Adds 37 Names to Memorial Wall for Deaths Related to World Trade Center Illnesses|website=www1.nyc.gov |date=September 13, 2022|access-date=19 September 2022}}{{title missing|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thechiefleader.com/stories/port-authority-police-union-leader-still-pain-for-families-of-911-cops-free-article,6828 |title=Port Authority Police-Union Leader: Still Pain for Families of 9/11 Cops (Free Article)|website=The Chief Leader |access-date=19 September 2022}}{{title missing|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/september-11/ny-9-11-port-authority-police-saved-lives-20210906-gtmdsurzt5fjxaqhp6bdiq3x3q-story.html |title=Swift action on 9/11 by NYC's Port Authority police saved lives|website=New York Daily News |access-date=19 September 2022}}{{title missing|date=September 2022}}</ref>

=== Economic ===
{{Main|Economic effects of the September 11 attacks}}

[[File:Deficits vs. Debt Increases - 2008.png|thumb|[[United States federal budget|U.S. deficit]] and [[United States public debt|debt]] increases in the seven years following the attacks from 2001 to 2008]]The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=17 |date=September 27, 2002 |publisher=Congressional Research Service, [[Library of Congress]] |access-date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Mark |date=August 24, 2022 |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Business |url=https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0911/the-impact-of-september-11-on-business.aspx |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Investopedia }}</ref> The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Markets reopen, plunge |last=Barnhart |first=Bill |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-010917markets,0,5287650.story|work=Chicago Tribune |date=September 17, 2001 |access-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4{{spaces}}trillion in valuation for the week.<ref name="MarkDec">{{cite news|last=Fernandez |first=Bob |title=U.S. Markets Decline Again |work=KRTBN Knight Ridder Tribune Business News |date=September 22, 2001}}</ref>

In New York City, about 430,000 job months and $2.8{{spaces}}billion in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolfman |first1=Michael L. |last2=Wasser |first2=Solidelle F. |journal=Monthly Labor Review |volume=127 |year=2004 |title=9/11 and the New York City Economy}}</ref><ref name="IAGS cost">{{cite web |title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America? |url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html |access-date=April 30, 2014 |publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Matthew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDEfUCll7DcC |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |date=August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-60763-7 |page=222}}</ref> The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3{{spaces}}billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2{{spaces}}billion in immediate assistance to the [[Government of New York City]] in September 2001, and $10.5{{spaces}}billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.<ref name="crs-5">{{cite web|last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=5 |date=September 27, 2002 |publisher=Congressional Research Service, [[Library of Congress]] |access-date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>

Also hurt were small businesses in [[Lower Manhattan]] near the World Trade Center (18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced), resulting in lost jobs and wages. Assistance was provided by [[Small Business Administration]] loans; federal government Community Development Block Grants; and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.<ref name="crs-5" /> Some {{convert|31900000|sqft|m2}} of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hensell |first=Lesley |title=Tough Times Loom For Manhattan Commercial Market |url=http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |website=Realty Times |date=December 14, 2001 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814003420/http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2011 }}</ref> Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parrott |first=James |title=The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data |publisher=The Fiscal Policy Institute |date=March 8, 2002 |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911170813/http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Studies of 9/11's economic effects show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.<ref>{{cite SSRN |last=Fuerst |first=Franz |title=Exogenous Shocks and Real Estate Rental Markets: An Event Study of the 9/11 Attacks and their Impact on the New York Office Market|date=September 7, 2005 |ssrn=800006}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Russell |first=James S. |title=Do skyscrapers still make sense? Revived downtowns and new business models spur tall-building innovation |magazine=Architectural Record |date=November 7, 2004 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |access-date=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808062854/http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref>

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling [[Airline|U.S. airline industry]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhadra |first1=Dipasis |last2=Texter |first2=Pamela |title=Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel |publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]] |year=2004 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330035744/http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |archive-date=March 30, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|wars in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/bin-ladens-war-against-the-us-economy/2011/04/27/AFDOPjfF_blog.html |title=Bin Laden's war against the U.S. economy |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 3, 2011 |first=Thomas |last=Heath}}</ref> as well as additional [[homeland security]] spending, totaling at least $5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/osama-bin-laden-didnt-win-but-he-was-enormously-successful/2011/05/02/AFexZjbF_story.html |title=Osama bin Laden didn't win, but he was 'enormously successful' |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Suzy |last=Khimm |date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>

=== Effects in Afghanistan ===
{{further|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri}}
{{Quote box
| width = 23em
| align = right
| quote = If Americans are clamouring to bomb Afghanistan back to the [[Stone Age]], they ought to know that this nation does not have so far to go. This is a post-apocalyptic place of felled cities, parched land and downtrodden people.
| source = — [[Barry Bearak]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 13, 2001<ref name="TalibanPlead" />
}}
Most of the [[Afghans|Afghan population]] was already going hungry at the time of the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/unknown/2001/09/26/horror-in-afghanistan|title=Horror in Afghanistan|date=September 26, 2001|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> In the aftermath of the attacks, tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of military retaliation by the United States. Pakistan, already [[Afghans in Pakistan|home to many Afghan refugees]] from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001.<ref name="speechto" /> Thousands of Afghans also fled to the frontier with [[Tajikistan]], although were denied entry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/tajikistan-holed-border|title=Tajikistan: Holed up at the border – Afghanistan|website=ReliefWeb|date=September 28, 2001 }}</ref> The [[Taliban]] leaders in Afghanistan themselves pleaded against military action, saying "We appeal to the United States not to put Afghanistan into more misery because our people have suffered so much", referring to [[Afghanistan conflict (1978-present)|two decades of conflict]] and the humanitarian crisis attached to it.<ref name="TalibanPlead">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-afghans-taliban-plead-for-mercy-miserable-land-nothing.html|title=After The Attacks: The Afghans; Taliban Plead for Mercy to the Miserable in a Land of Nothing|first=Barry|last=Bearak|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 13, 2001}}</ref>

All United Nations expatriates had left Afghanistan after the attacks and no national or international aid workers were at their post. Workers were instead preparing in bordering countries like Pakistan, China and Uzbekistan to prevent a potential "humanitarian catastrophe", amid a critically low food stock for the Afghan population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/20/ret.afghan.refugees/|title=CNN – Afghan refugee crisis spreads – September 20, 2001|publisher=CNN}}</ref> The [[World Food Programme]] stopped importing wheat to Afghanistan on September 12 due to security risks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1556117.stm|title=Aid shortage adds to Afghan woes|date=September 22, 2001|via=BBC News}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' suggested the creation of a [[buffer zone]] in an inevitable war, similarly as in the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001278471167134840|title=A Buffer Zone for Afghans|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 24, 2001}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| footer            = ''From left to right'': U.S. soldiers engaged in the War on Terror in Afghanistan in May 2006 • Army Major General [[Chris Donahue (general)|Chris Donahue]] left Afghanistan as the final American soldier on August 30, 2021
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Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|coalition of international forces]] to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of Al-Qaeda.<ref name="speechto">{{cite news|title=U.S. President Bush's speech to United Nations |publisher=CNN|date=November 10, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615023853/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected Al-Qaeda members.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf 'bullied' into supporting US war on terror|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/musharraf-bullied-into-supporting-us-war-on-terror-ex-general_586640.html|access-date=September 4, 2011|publisher=Zee News|date=December 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |title=Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4513281.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=May 4, 2005 |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref>

In a speech by the [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Ismaili]] [[Imam]] at the Nobel Institute in 2005, [[Aga Khan IV]] stated that the "9/11 attack on the United States was a direct consequence of the international community ignoring the human tragedy that was Afghanistan at that time".<ref>{{cite web |last=Aga Khan |first=Karim |title=Speech by His Highness the Aga Khan at the Nobel Institute on Democratic Development, Pluralism and Civil Society |url=http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/30810 |website=Ismaili |date=April 7, 2005 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref>

In 2011, the U.S. and NATO under [[Presidency of Barack Obama|President Obama]] initiated a [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)|drawdown of troops]] in Afghanistan finalized in 2016. During the presidencies of [[Donald Trump]] and [[Joe Biden]] [[Presidency of Donald Trump|in 2020]] and [[Presidency of Joe Biden|2021]], the United States alongside its NATO allies [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|withdrew all troops from Afghanistan]] completing the withdrawal of all regular U.S. troops on August 30, 2021, 12 days before the 20th anniversary of the September 11 attacks,<ref name="DOD Cronk Biden Announces">{{Cite web |last=Cronk |first=Terri Moon |date=14 April 2021 |title=Biden Announces Full U.S. Troop Withdrawal From Afghanistan by Sept. 11 |url=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2573268/biden-announces-full-us-troop-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-by-sept-11/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="White House 2021-04-14">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=Remarks by President Biden on the Way Forward in Afghanistan |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/04/14/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-way-forward-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Time 2021">{{cite magazine |last=Satia |first=Priya |date=27 April 2021 |editor-last=Felsenthal |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward Felsenthal |title=History's Warning for the U.S. Withdrawal From Afghanistan |url=https://time.com/5959073/afghanistan-withdrawal-empire-history/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=[[New York City]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427194916/https://time.com/5959073/afghanistan-withdrawal-empire-history/ |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> The withdrawal marked the end of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001–2021 War in Afghanistan]]. Biden said that after nearly 20 years of war, it was clear that the U.S. military could not transform Afghanistan into a modern [[democracy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Zucchino |first1=David |date=7 October 2021 |title=The U.S. War in Afghanistan: How It Started, and How It Ended |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/afghanistan-war-us.html}}</ref>

The second [[emir]] of Al-Qaeda, [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], a close associate of bin Laden, was [[Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri|killed in a U.S. drone strike]] at his home in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan on July 31, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |last3=Barnes |first3=Julian |last4=Schmitt |first4=Eric |date=1 August 2022 |title=U.S. Drone Strike Kills Ayman al-Zawahri, Top Qaeda Leader |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/al-qaeda-strike-afghanistan.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801215209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/us/politics/al-qaeda-strike-afghanistan.html |archive-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Cultural influence ===
{{Main|Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks}}
{{Further|List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks|Entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks|Osama bin Laden in popular culture}}
{{See also|Osama bin Laden (elephant)}}
The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics and into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of American flags.<ref name="Carducci2009b">{{cite book|first=Bernardo J.|last=Carducci|title=The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gJPXv5wQbIC&pg=PA200|access-date=January 16, 2012 |date=February 20, 2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-3635-8|pages=200–}}</ref> [[Clear Channel memorandum|The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists]], and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic elements in [[List of films about the September 11 attacks|film]], [[List of songs about the September 11 attacks|music]], [[List of books about the September 11 attacks|literature]], and [[Humor based on the September 11 attacks|humour]]. Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected [[post-9/11]] cultural concerns.<ref name="Pop Culture Guide">{{cite book |last1=Quay |first1=Sara |last2=Damico |first2=Amy |title=September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=September 14, 2010 |isbn=978-0-313-35505-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7i4YHl_NoC}}</ref>

<!-- "STOP. Before expanding or removing 9/11 conspiracy theories, please note that the verbiage being used was arrived at after months of discussion and consensus-building. If you think something should be changed, please start a discussion on the article talk page. Thank you." -->[[9/11 conspiracy theories]] have become a social phenomenon, despite a lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.<ref>{{cite news |title=9/11 conspiracy theories won't stop|first=Joshua|last=Norman|date=September 11, 2011|publisher=CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/9-11-conspiracy-theories-wont-stop/}}</ref> 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find [[consolation]] to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lose it entirely because they [[Problem of evil|could not reconcile it]] with their view of religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/september-11-challenged-faith_n_941017.html|title=After 9/11, Some Run Toward Faith, Some Run The Other Way|work=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/faith/questions/god.html|title=Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero – The Question of God|work=PBS Frontline|access-date=April 6, 2013}}</ref>

The culture of America, after the attacks, is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as [[paranoia]] and [[anxiety]] regarding future terrorist attacks against most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200201/anxiety-after-911 |title=Anxiety After 9/11 |first1=Brad |last1=Schmidt |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Winters |work=[[Psychology Today]] |date=January 1, 2002 |access-date=October 11, 2013}}</ref> Anti-Muslim hate crimes rose nearly ten-fold in 2001 and have subsequently remained "roughly five times higher than the pre-9/11 rate".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title=Anti-Muslim hate crimes are still five times more common today than before 9/11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/02/11/anti-muslim-hate-crimes-are-still-five-times-more-common-today-than-before-911/ |access-date=December 20, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=limited |date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>

=== Government policies towards terrorism ===
{{Further|War on terror|Anti-terrorism legislation|Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks|Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks}}
{{See also|Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture}}
[[File:CIA illegal flights.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Alleged "[[extraordinary rendition]]" illegal flights of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], as reported by Polish newspaper ''[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/292283.html |title=Politycy nie pozwolili śledczym tropić lotów CIA – Rzeczpospolita |language=pl |work=[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] |date=April 17, 2009 |access-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711125637/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/292283.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed legislation to combat terrorism.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific: Threat and Response |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |year=2004 |first=Andrew |last=Scobell |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1078–79 |doi=10.1017/S0021911804002463|s2cid=163030372}}</ref> In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32710.pdf |title=Germany's Role in Fighting Terrorism: Implications for U.S. Policy |access-date=September 4, 2011 |last1=Miko |first1=Francis |last2=Froehlich |first2=Christian |date=December 27, 2004 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> Canada passed the [[Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act]], their first anti-terrorism law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-terrorism Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/cdnsecurity/|access-date=November 12, 2013 |publisher=CBC News|date=February 27, 2007}}</ref> The United Kingdom passed the [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] and the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Q and A: Anti-terrorism legislation |date=October 17, 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3197394.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Coates |title=After all the fuss dies down, what really happened |date=November 10, 2005 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article588553.ece |work=The Times |access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> New Zealand enacted the [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorism Suppression Act 2002|url=http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|publisher=New Zealand Government|access-date=September 4, 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219044052/http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|archive-date=December 19, 2011}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] was created by the [[Homeland Security Act of 2002]] to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The [[USA Patriot Act]] gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge; to monitor terror suspects' telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use; and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The FAA ordered that aeroplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists from gaining control of planes and assigned [[sky marshals]] to flights.

Further, the [[Aviation and Transportation Security Act]] made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for [[airport security]]. The law created the [[Transportation Security Administration]] to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.<ref name="Modern World History">{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger |title=Modern World History |chapter=20 |publisher=[[Holt McDougal]] |year=2004 |pages=657–58 |isbn=978-0-618-69012-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSPAAAACAAJ}}</ref> After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about the collection of American call records by the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] program (see [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)]]), Representative [[Sensenbrenner|Jim Sensenbrenner]],(R- [[Wisconsin]]) who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001, said that the NSA overstepped its bounds.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/opinion/president-obamas-dragnet.html|title=President Obama's Dragnet|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|title=Author of Patriot Act: FBI's FISA Order is Abuse of Patriot Act|date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610061511/http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|archive-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref>

[[Criticism of the war on terror]] has focused on its morality, efficiency, and cost. According to a 2021 study conducted under the auspices of the [[Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]], the several post-9/11 wars participated in by the United States in its [[War on Terror]] have caused the displacement, conservatively calculated, of 38 million people in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, and the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |first1=David |last1=Vine |first2=Cala |last2=Coffman |first3=Katalina |last3=Khoury |first4=Madison |last4=Lovasz |first5=Helen |last5=Bush |first6=Rachel |last6=Leduc |first7=Jennifer |last7=Walkup |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Displacement_Vine%20et%20al_Costs%20of%20War%202020%2009%2008.pdf |title=Creating Refugees: Displacement Caused by the United States' Post-9/11 Wars |publisher=[[Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]] |date=September 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Vine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/18/us-wars-iraq-george-w-bush |title=US-led wars have displaced 37&nbsp;m people. America should accept responsibility |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Costs of War">{{Cite web|title=Latest Figures |website=Costs of War|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures|access-date=September 1, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The study estimated these wars caused the deaths of 897,000 to 929,000 people and cost $8 trillion.<ref name="Costs of War" /> The [[U.S. Constitution]] and [[U.S. law]] prohibits the use of [[Torture in the United States|torture]], yet such [[Human rights violations by the CIA|human rights violations occurred]] during the War on Terror under the euphemism "[[Enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation]]".<ref>[https://apnews.com/4925f7f0fa654853bd6f2f57174179fe In Yemen's secret prisons, UAE tortures and US interrogates]. Associated Press, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Twenty Years On: The Legacy of 9/11 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/09/twenty-years-legacy-9/11 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=September 9, 2021}}</ref> In 2005, ''The Washington Post'' and [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) published revelations concerning CIA flights and "[[CIA black sites|black sites]]", covert prisons operated by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Europeans Probe Secret CIA Flights |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/16/AR2005111602198.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Craig |last=Whitlock |date=November 17, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EU to look into 'secret US jails' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4403166.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=November 3, 2005}}</ref> The term "torture by proxy" is used by some critics to describe situations in which the CIA and other U.S. agencies have [[Extraordinary rendition|transferred suspected terrorists]] to countries known to employ torture.<ref>"[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/28/new-cia-docs-detail-bruta_n_271299.html New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process]". ''[[Huffington Post]]''. August 28, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='A heavy price': Two decades of war, wariness and the post-9/11 security state |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/heavy-price-two-decades-war-wariness-post-9-11-security-n1278846 |publisher=NBC News |date=September 10, 2021}}</ref>

=== Legal proceedings ===
{{Main|Trials related to the September 11 attacks|United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed}}
As all 19 hijackers died in the attacks, they were never prosecuted. Osama bin Laden was never formally indicted but was after a [[Manhunt for Osama bin Laden|10-year manhunt]] [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|killed]] by U.S. special forces on May 2, 2011 in [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|his compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan.{{Efn|President [[Barack Obama]] announced his death on May 1. At the time of the raid, it was early morning of May 2 in Pakistan and late afternoon of May 1 in the U.S.}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Bin Laden Is Dead, President Obama Says |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref> The [[United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|main trial of the attacks]] against Mohammed and his co-conspirators [[Walid bin Attash]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], [[Ammar al-Baluchi]], and [[Mustafa Ahmad al Hawsawi]] remains unresolved. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple [[Black site|CIA secret prisons]] and [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]], where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including [[waterboarding]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shannon |first1=Elaine |last2=Weisskopf |first2=Michael |date=March 24, 2003 |title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,436061,00.html |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=May 8, 2008 |title=US judge orders CIA to turn over 'torture' memo-ACLU |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN08420997 |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref> In 2003, [[Mustafa al-Hawsawi]] and [[Ammar al-Baluchi|Abd al-Aziz Ali]] were arrested and transferred to US custody. Both would later be accused of providing money and travel assistance to the hijackers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Carol |date=July 10, 2023 |title=Trial Guide: The Sept. 11 Case at Guantánamo Bay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/september-11-trial-guantanamo-bay.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.<ref name="aljazeera2007" /><ref>{{cite news |date=March 15, 2007 |title=Key 9/11 suspect 'admits guilt' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6452573.stm |access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref> In January 2023, the US government opened up about a potential [[Plea bargain|plea deal]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Jerry |date=January 9, 2023 |title=9/11 trial delayed again as Biden administration pushes for plea deal with terrorists |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/justice/2023-kicks-off-911-gitmo-hearings-delayed-again |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}</ref> with Biden giving up on the effort in September that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nagle |first1=Molly |last2=Schulze |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Winsor |first3=Morgan |title=Biden rejects proposed conditions for plea deal for 9/11 defendants |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-rejects-proposed-conditions-plea-deal-911-defendants/story?id=102989534 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref>

To date, only peripheral persons have thus been convicted for charges in connection with the attacks. These include:

* [[Zacarias Moussaoui]] who was indicted in December 2001 and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole in May 2006 by a U.S. federal jury
* [[Mounir el-Motassadeq|Mounir El Motassadeq]] who was first convicted in February 2003 by a [[Federal Court of Justice]] in [[Germany]] and was deported to [[Morocco]] in October 2018 after serving his sentence<ref>{{Cite web |last=Werkhäuser |first=Nina |title=Germany deports convicted 9/11 accomplice |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-deports-convicted-9-11-accomplice-motassadeq-to-morocco/a-45838887 |date=October 15, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Abu Dahdah]] who was arrested in November 2001, sentenced by a [[Audiencia Nacional|Spanish High Court]] and released from prison in May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Alleged Al Qaeda in Spain chief Abu Dahdah released - Spain |url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2013/05/23/Alleged-Qaeda-Spain-chief-Abu-Dahdah-released_8754650.html |website=ANSAMed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161926/https://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2013/05/23/Alleged-Qaeda-Spain-chief-Abu-Dahdah-released_8754650.html |archive-date=May 24, 2013 |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref><!--Please add a summary of the period between 2008 and 2023. See the heading "Trial for role in 9/11 attacks" in Mohammed's article and "United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" for information-->
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