Romania Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Romania|Romanians}} {{See also|Demographic history of Romania|Immigration to Romania|Minorities in Romania}} [[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|thumb|170px|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]] [[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|170px|Ethnic map of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] based on the 1930 census data]] According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Romania's population was 19,053,815.<ref name="Census2021"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. According to the 2021 Romanian census, [[Romanians]] made up 89.33% of the population, [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] 6.05% and the [[Romani people|Roma]] 3.44% of the population,<ref name="Census2021" /> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141449/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Official Statistics |url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> According to the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Romani people|Roma]] makes up 8.32% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding, strategy, facts and figures and contact details for national Roma contact points in Romania |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians in Romania|Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=ro |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" /> The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|url-status=dead|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|archive-date=27 May 2016|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> The [[birth rate]] (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the [[mortality rate]] (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1"/> with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.<ref name = "cia.gov1"/><ref name="populationdata.net">{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Villeret |url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |title=Roumanie |publisher=PopulationData.net |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064345/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=pays&pid=180&nom=roumanie |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |title=Romania demographics profile (2011) |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108032354/http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=Europe :: Romania — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=29 September 2021}}</ref> The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.<ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url=http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207131655/http://focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|title=Focus-Migration: Romania|website=focus-migration.hwwi.de|language=de|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720111251/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Romania.2515.0.html?&L=1|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916021316/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/libe/104/romania_en.htm |date=16 September 2015 }} European Parliament</ref> === Languages === {{Main|Romanian language|Languages of Romania}} {{bar box |float = right |titlebar = #ddd |title = Language frequency as spoken<br/> in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Language">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.03.1-si-Tabel-2.03.2.xlsx |title=Populaţia rezidentă după limba maternă (Recensământ 2021) |publisher=INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2023-09-21|language=ro}}</ref> |left1 = Language |right1 = Percentage |bars = {{bar percent|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|yellow|91.55}} {{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|green|6.28}} {{bar percent|[[Romani language|Romani]]|orange|1.20}} {{bar percent|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|blue|0.25}} {{bar percent|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|red|0.10}} {{bar percent|[[German language|German]]|purple|0.10}} {{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|cyan|0.09}} {{bar percent|[[Minorities in Romania|Others]]|grey|0.43}} }} [[File:Limba romana Atlanticul-800px.png|thumb|right|Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language]] The official language is Romanian, a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (the most widely spoken of the [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance branch]]), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], but shares many features equally with the rest of the [[Western Romance languages]], specifically Italian, French, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parolando.it/en/translations/romanian-language/|title=Romanian Translation {{!}} Romanian, Italian, English & French translations|website=Parolando|language=en|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Romanian alphabet]] contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ''ă'', ''â'', ''î'', ''ț'', and ''ș''), totaling 31.<ref name=":1" /> Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Vlax Romani]] are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<ref name="infomm.ro_2015-05-05">{{Citation| url=http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| title=Iarna Ucraineană – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi| trans-title=Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar| newspaper=Infomm.ro| access-date=5 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065900/http://infomm.ro/ro/detalii/in-maramures-aproape-31-000-ucraineni-petrec-sarbatorile-de-iarna| archive-date=18 May 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 17,101 native speakers of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], 15,943 native speakers of [[German language|German]], and 14,414 native speakers of [[Russian language|Russian]] living in Romania.<ref name="Census2021-Language"/><ref name="census_2011_lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|format=xls|title=2011 census results by native language|publisher=www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics|access-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085451/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_9.xls|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=Constitutia României |publisher=Cdep.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926220947/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-26092013-AP/EN/3-26092013-AP-EN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language|date=26 September 2013|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> In 2010, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|title=Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|work=francophonie.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314190615/http://www.francophonie.org/Roumanie.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> According to the 2012 [[Eurobarometer]], English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT |date=2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Eurostat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date= 6 January 2016 }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Romania|Romanian Orthodox Church}} {{bar box |float = right |titlebar = #ddd |title = Religion in Romania (2021 Census)<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> |left1 = Religion |right1 = Percentage |bars = {{bar percent|[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]|blue|73.86}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholic]]|red|3.89}} {{bar percent|[[Calvinism|Reformed]]|yellow|2.60}} {{bar percent|[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]|purple|2.12}} {{bar percent|[[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic]]|orange|0.61}} {{bar percent|[[Baptists|Baptist]]|violet|0.54}} {{bar percent|[[Adventism]]|cyan|0.35}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslims]]|green|0.31}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Others]]|olive|1.13}} {{bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[Agnosticism]]|grey|0.43}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Non-Religious]]|black|0.37}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Undeclared Religion, or indirectly counted (data missing)]]|olive|13.94}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Refused to declare]]|olive|9}} {{bar percent|[[Religion in Romania|Were not even asked this question]]|olive|4.94}}<ref name="Contributors 2022 Kivu"/> }} Romania is a [[secular state]] and has no [[state religion]]. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> 73.86% of respondents identified as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], with 73.42% belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Other denominations include [[Religion in Romania#Protestantism|Protestantism]] (6.22%), [[Roman Catholicism in Romania|Roman Catholicism]] (3.89%), and [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]] (0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 [[Islam in Romania|Muslims]] (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jewish]] (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are [[Irreligion|irreligious]], 57,205 are [[Atheism|atheist]], 25,485 are [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.<ref name="Census2021-Religion"/> The Romanian Orthodox Church is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in [[full communion]] with other Orthodox churches, with a [[Patriarch of All Romania|Patriarch]] as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|date=8 November 2017|website=pewforum.org|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a [[Latin]] culture and uses a [[Romance languages|Romance]] liturgical language.<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Profiles of the Eastern Churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100346/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3643&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=29 December 2016 }} at cnewa.org</ref> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001948/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR5508/v14/teaching-material/case-of-metropolitan-church-of-bessarabia.pdf|url-status=dead|title=European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Romania has the [[Eastern Orthodoxy by country|world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=10 November 2017}}</ref> ===Urbanisation=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Romania|Metropolitan areas in Romania}} Although 54.0% of the population lived in [[urban areas]] in 2011,<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census (final results)|publisher=INSSE|access-date=28 August 2012|language=ro|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |title=Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989 |publisher=Businessday.ro |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/ |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> Counties with over {{frac|2|3}} urban population are [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], while those with less than a third are [[Dâmbovița County|Dâmbovița]] (30.06%) and [[Giurgiu County|Giurgiu]] and [[Teleorman County|Teleorman]].<ref name="Census2011" /> Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> Its [[larger urban zone]] has a population of almost 2.2 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |title=Urban Audit |publisher=Urban Audit |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/index.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> which are planned to be included into a [[Bucharest metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] up to 20 times the area of the [[city proper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archive-date=3 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archive-date=2 September 2008}}</ref> Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.<ref name="RPL2021"/> [[Metropolitan areas in Romania|Metropolitan areas]] have been constituted for most of these cities. {{Largest cities of Romania}} === Education === {{Main|Education in Romania}} [[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]] [[File:Bucuresti, Romania. SPITALUL COLTEA (B-II-m-A-18220.02).jpg|thumb|The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509|title=Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari|date=25 January 2011|publisher=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro}}</ref>]] Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in [[kindergarten]] (three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=ro|access-date=31 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/romania/literacy.html|title=Romania Literacy|publisher=indexmundi.com|access-date=22 January 2019|language=ro}}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|title=14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare|newspaper=BitTV.Info|date=4 July 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012132814/https://bittv.info/14-ani-de-scoala-obligatoriu-incepand-din-toamna-reguli-pentru-inscrierea-la-clasa-pregatitoare/|archive-date=12 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|title=Ministrul Educației: Grupa mare la grădiniță devine obligatorie. Altminteri nu mai poți fi înscris la pregătitoare|newspaper=EduPedu|date=10 May 2020|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928025531/https://www.edupedu.ro/ministrul-educatiei-grupa-mare-la-gradinita-devine-obligatorie-altminteri-nu-mai-poti-fi-inscris-la-pregatitoare/|archive-date=28 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Peer tutoring|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |access-date=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=21 October 2016 }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref> Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. [[Ciprian Manolescu]] managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=IMO team record|access-date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220172111/http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the [[International Olympiad in Informatics]] with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=ro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> ===Healthcare=== {{Main|Healthcare in Romania}} Romania has a [[universal health care]] system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224020850/http://www.mediafax.ro/economic/ritli-bugetul-ministerului-sanatatii-pe-anul-2012-poate-asigura-asistenta-cel-putin-la-nivelul-anului-precedent-9041616 |date=24 February 2013 }}, Mediafax.ro</ref> It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html "Romania, 4th in Europe in TB"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021156/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/romania-locul-4-in-europa-la-tbc-193014.html |date=24 February 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629012915/http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/133347/bolnavii-nostri-vs-ai-lor-cate-spitale-are-romania-fata-de-alte-state-ue.html "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania compared to other EU countries"], ''Wall-Street.ro''</ref> with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,<ref>[http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090250/http://www.romanialibera.ro/stil-de-viata/sanatate/mai-putine-paturi-de-spital-pentru-romanii-bolnavi-217760.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''România Liberă''</ref> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<ref>[https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153028/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=SAN104A |date=23 June 2007 }}, ''Institutul Național de Statistică''</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html ""De profesie: medic în România". Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html |date= 1 July 2013 }}, ''Adevărul'', 2 April 2013</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page