Racial segregation

=== Israel ===

{{see also|Racism in Israel}}
[[File:Barrier Gate at Bilin Palestine.jpg|thumb|right|A barrier gate at [[Bil'in]], [[West Bank]], 2006]]

[[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] proclaims equal rights to all [[Israeli citizenship law|citizens]] regardless of ethnicity, denomination or race. Israel has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality (such as prohibition of [[Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000|discrimination]], [[Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988|equality in Employment]], libel based on race or ethnicity).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law00/74372.htm |title=חוק איסור לשון הרע, תשכ"ה-1965 |publisher=הכנס השנתי של העמותה למשפט ציבורי בישראל |date=14 November 2021 |access-date=18 January 2023 }}</ref> There is however, in practice, significant institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>

In 2010, the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Israeli Supreme Court]] sent a message against racial segregation in a case involving the [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)|Slonim]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hassidic]] sect of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]], ruling that segregation between [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] students in a school is illegal.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997685,00.html |title=The Jewish Religious Conflict Tearing at Israel |date=17 June 2010 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619044520/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997685,00.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 1995 |title=Discrimination claimed in Modiin Illit haredi schools |work=Israel News |publisher=Ynetnews.com |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3926221,00.html}}</ref> Responding to the charges, the Slonim [[Haredi Judaism|Haredim]] invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement: "All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our [[rabbi]]s, and therefore we went to prison."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandel |first=Jonah |date=23 July 2010 |title=Hassidim invite Sephardi girls to school |work=Jpost.com |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=182335}}</ref>

Due to many cultural differences, and animosity towards a minority perceived to wish to annihilate Israel, a system of passively co-existing communities, segregated along ethnic lines has emerged in Israel, with Arab-Israeli minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream". This de facto segregation also exists between different Jewish ethnic groups ("''edot''") such as [[Sepharadim]], [[Ashkenazim]] and [[Beta Israel]] (Jews of Ethiopian descent),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Tanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwgJDV8Ho0cC&pg=9 |title=Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants in Israel: The Homeland Postponed |year=2001 |isbn=9780700712380 |page=9|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> which leads to de facto segregated schools, housing and public policy. The government has embarked on a program to shut down such schools, in order to force integration, but some in the Ethiopian community complained that not all such schools have been closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nesher |first=Talila |date=1 September 2011 |title=Ethiopian Israelis Accuse State of School Segregation |work=Haaretz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ethiopian-israelis-accuse-state-of-school-segregation-1.381933}}</ref> In a 2007 poll commissioned by the Center Against Racism and conducted by the GeoCartographia Institute, 75% of Israeli Jews would not agree to live in a building with Arab residents, 60% would not accept any Arab visitors at their homes, 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of their right to vote, and 59% believe that the culture of Arabs is primitive.<ref name="autogeneratedil">{{Cite news |last=נחמיאס |first=רועי |date=27 March 2007 |title=יותר ממחצית היהודים: נישואים לערבי הם בגידה – חדשות היום |work=Ynet |publisher=ynet.co.il |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3381836,00.html |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, a public opinion poll showed that 53% of the polled Israeli Jews said they would not object to an Arab living in their building, while 42% said they would. Asked whether they would object to Arab children being in their child's class in school, 49% said they would not, 42% said they would.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2012 |title=Israelis Should Avoid Using Term 'Apartheid' |url=https://forward.com/culture/165231/israelis-should-avoid-using-term-apartheid/ |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Gabe |title=Controversial survey ostensibly highlights widespread anti-Arab attitudes in Israel |work=Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/survey-highlights-anti-arab-attitudes-in-israel}}</ref> The secular Israeli public was found to be the most tolerant, while the religious and [[Haredi]] respondents were the most discriminatory.