Pentecostalism

==Statistics and denominations==
{{Further|List of Christian denominations#Pentecostalism}}
{{see also|List of Pentecostal churches}}
[[File:Ravensburg Freie Christengemeinde Saal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|A Pentecostal church in [[Ravensburg, Germany]]]]
[[File:Seinajoen helluntaikirkko 2020.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|A modern Pentecostal church in [[Seinäjoki]], Finland]]
[[File:Pastoresycolombia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|Pentecostal pastors pray over the [[Flag of Colombia|Colombian flag]].]]
According to various scholars and sources, Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing [[religious movement]] in the world;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001/acprof-9780199920570|title=Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism|date=9 September 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press Scholarship|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-934563-2|quote=Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing religious movement in the world|editor1-last=Miller|editor1-first=Donald E|editor2-first=Kimon H|editor2-last=Sargeant|editor3-first=Richard|editor3-last=Flory|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212919/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001/acprof-9780199920570|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001/upso-9780520266612|title=Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods|date=9 May 2012|publisher=University of California Press Scholarship|doi=10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001|quote=With its remarkable ability to adapt to different cultures, Pentecostalism has become the world's fastest growing religious movement.|last1=Anderson|first1=Allan|last2=Bergunder|first2=Michael|last3=Droogers|first3=Andre|isbn=978-0-520-26661-2|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719115608/https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001/upso-9780520266612|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/08/03/witnessing-the-new-reach-of-pentecostalism/c91a9c71-5e4d-481f-9dd9-e3f98dc7fac3/|title=Witnessing The New Reach of Pentecostalism|date=3 August 2002|newspaper=The Washington Post|quote=Pentecostalism is widely recognized by religious scholars as the fastest-growing Christian movement in the world, reaching into many different denominations.|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721050141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/08/03/witnessing-the-new-reach-of-pentecostalism/c91a9c71-5e4d-481f-9dd9-e3f98dc7fac3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mqup.ca/canadian-pentecostalism-products-9780773534575.php|title=Canadian Pentecostalism|date=9 February 2009|publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press|quote=One of the most significant transformations in twentieth-century Christianity is the emergence and development of Pentecostalism. With over five hundred million followers, it is the fastest-growing movement in the world. An incredibly diverse movement, it has influenced many sectors of Christianity, flourishing in Africa, Latin America, and Asia and having an equally significant effect on Canada.|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719115608/https://www.mqup.ca/canadian-pentecostalism-products-9780773534575.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology|first=Walter |last=A. Elwell|year= 2017| isbn= 978-1-4934-1077-4| page = |publisher=Baker Academic|quote=Pentecostalism arguably has been the fastest growing religious movement in the contemporary world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsU4DgAAQBAJ&q=pentecostalism+fastest+religion+growing+movement+conversion&pg=PT1469}}</ref> this growth is primarily due to [[Conversion to Christianity|religious conversion to Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/11/18/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/protestantism-fastest-growing-religion-developing-world/363522/|title=Protestantism: The fastest growing religion in the developing world|date=18 November 2017|publisher=The Manila Times|quote=At the heart of this religious resurgence are Islam and Pentecostalism, a branch of Protestant Christianity. Islam grew at an annual average of 1.9 percent between 2000 and 2017, mainly as the result of a high birth rate. Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic (all branches of the faith emphasize the authority of the Bible and the need for a spiritual rebirth). Why are people so attracted to it?.|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719120305/https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/11/18/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/protestantism-fastest-growing-religion-developing-world/363522|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/11/09/why-is-protestantism-flourishing-in-the-developing-world |url-access=subscription|title=Why is Protestantism flourishing in the developing world?|date=18 November 2017|magazine=The Economist |quote=Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic.}}</ref> According to [[Pulitzer Center]] 35,000 people become Pentecostal or "[[Born again]]" every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/pentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar|title=Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar|date=9 March 2015|publisher=Pulitzer Center|quote=Massive Growth Under the Radar: Each day, 35,000 people are born again through baptism with the Holy Spirit.|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720232316/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/pentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar|url-status=live}}</ref> According to scholar Keith Smith of [[Georgia State University]] "many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history",<ref name="Georgia State University"/> and according to scholar Peter L. Berger of [[Boston University]] "the spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion".<ref name="Georgia State University">{{cite web|url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=political_science_theses|title=Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital|date=9 May 2016|publisher=Georgia State University|quote=The spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion (Berger 2009).|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721004302/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=political_science_theses|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ethiopian Full Gospel Believer's Church 05.jpg|right|thumb|A Pentecostal church in [[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]]]

In 1995, David Barrett estimated there were 217&nbsp;million "Denominational Pentecostals" throughout the world.<ref name=Synan286>Barrett's statistics found in Synan 1997, p. 286.</ref> In 2011, a [[Pew Forum]] study of global Christianity found that there were an estimated 279&nbsp;million classical Pentecostals, making 4 percent of the total world population and 12.8 percent of the world's Christian population Pentecostal.<ref name=PewGlobalChristianity67>[[Pew Forum]] on Religion and Public Life (December 19, 2011), [http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf ''Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |date=2013-07-23 }}, p. 67.</ref> The study found "Historically Pentecostal denominations" (a category that did not include independent Pentecostal churches) to be the largest Protestant denominational family.<ref name=PewGlobalChristianity70>[[Pew Forum]] 2011, p. 70.</ref>

The largest percentage of Pentecostals are found in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] (44 percent), followed by [[the Americas]] (37 percent) and Asia and the Pacific (16 percent).<ref name=PewGlobalChristianity68>[[Pew Forum]] 2011, p. 68.</ref> The movement is witnessing its greatest surge today in the [[global South]], which includes Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia.<ref name=movedbythespirit >{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=109|title=Moved by the Spirit: Pentecostal Power and Politics after 100 Years|author=Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life|date=2006-04-24|access-date=2008-09-24|archive-date=2008-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109202127/http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=109|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia| title =Pentecostalism | encyclopedia =Britannica Concise Encyclopedia  | year =2007 | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-374862.html | access-date = 2008-12-21 }}</ref> There are 740 recognized Pentecostal denominations,<ref name=NIDPCMGobalStatistics>''The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements'', s.v. "Part II Global Statistics".</ref> but the movement also has a significant number of independent churches that are not organized into denominations.<ref name=RestoringtheFaith>Blumhofer 1993, p. 2.</ref>

Among the over 700 Pentecostal denominations, 240 are classified as part of [[Wesleyan]], [[Holiness Movement|Holiness]], or "[[Methodist]]ic" Pentecostalism. Until 1910, Pentecostalism was universally Wesleyan in doctrine, and Holiness Pentecostalism continues to predominate in the [[Southern United States]]. Wesleyan Pentecostals teach that there are three crisis experiences within a Christian's life: conversion, sanctification, and Spirit baptism. They inherited the [[holiness movement]]'s belief in [[entire sanctification]].<ref name="TWTHS2002"/> According to Wesleyan Pentecostals, entire sanctification is a definite event that occurs after salvation but before Spirit baptism. This inward experience cleanses and enables the believer to live a life of [[outward holiness]]. This personal cleansing prepares the believer to receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Holiness Pentecostal denominations include the [[Apostolic Faith Church]], [[Congregational Holiness Church]], [[Free Gospel Church]], [[Church of God in Christ]], [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)]], and the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]].<ref name=NIDPCMGobalStatistics/><ref name=fp1>Rybarczyk in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, p. 4.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Religious Bodies in the U.S.: A Dictionary |date=7 December 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-52353-4 |language=English}}</ref> In the United States, many Holiness Pentecostal clergy are educated at the [[Free Gospel Bible Institute]] in [[Murrysville, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Rebekah |title=Murrysville Bible school produces teachers, preachers, prophets and apostles |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/local/westmoreland/2006/01/05/Murrysville-Bible-school-produces-teachers-preachers-prophets-and-apostles/stories/200601050316 |publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=English |date=5 January 2006 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617190715/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/westmoreland/2006/01/05/Murrysville-Bible-school-produces-teachers-preachers-prophets-and-apostles/stories/200601050316 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[William Howard Durham|William H. Durham]] began preaching his [[Finished Work]] doctrine in 1910, many Pentecostals rejected the Wesleyan doctrine of entire sanctification and began to teach that there were only two definite crisis experiences in the life of a Christian: conversion and Spirit baptism. These Finished Work Pentecostals (also known as "[[Baptists|Baptistic]]" or "Reformed" Pentecostals because many converts were originally drawn from [[Baptist]] and [[Presbyterian]] backgrounds) teach that a person is initially sanctified at the moment of conversion. After conversion, the believer grows in grace through a lifelong process of progressive sanctification. There are 390 denominations that adhere to the finished work position. They include the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel|Foursquare Gospel Church]], the [[Pentecostal Church of God]], and the [[Open Bible Churches]].<ref name=NIDPCMGobalStatistics/><ref name=fp1/>

The [[1904–1905 Welsh Revival]] laid the foundation for British Pentecostalism including a distinct family of denominations known as Apostolic Pentecostalism (not to be confused with Oneness Pentecostalism). These Pentecostals are led by a hierarchy of living apostles, prophets, and other charismatic offices. Apostolic Pentecostals are found worldwide in 30 denominations, including the [[Apostolic Church (1911 denomination)|Apostolic Church]] based in the United Kingdom.<ref name=NIDPCMGobalStatistics/>

There are 80 Pentecostal denominations that are classified as Jesus' Name or [[Oneness Pentecostalism]] (often self identifying as "Apostolic Pentecostals").<ref name=NIDPCMGobalStatistics/> These differ from the rest of Pentecostalism in several significant ways. Oneness Pentecostals reject the doctrine of the [[Trinity]]. They do not describe God as three persons but rather as three manifestations of the one living God. Oneness Pentecostals practice [[Jesus' Name doctrine|Jesus' Name Baptism]]—water baptisms performed in the name of Jesus Christ, rather than that of the Trinity. Oneness Pentecostal adherents believe repentance, baptism in Jesus' name, and Spirit baptism are all essential elements of the conversion experience.<ref name= restorefaith>Blumhofer 1993, p. 129.</ref> Oneness Pentecostals hold that repentance is necessary before baptism to make the ordinance valid, and receipt of the Holy Spirit manifested by speaking in other tongues is necessary afterwards, to complete the work of baptism. This differs from other Pentecostals, along with evangelical Christians in general, who see only repentance and faith in Christ as essential to salvation. This has resulted in Oneness believers being accused by some (including other Pentecostals) of a "works-salvation" soteriology,<ref>See, for instance, Thomas A. Fudge: ''Christianity Without the Cross: A History of Salvation in Oneness Pentecostalism''. Universal Publishers, 2003.</ref> a charge they vehemently deny. Oneness Pentecostals insist that salvation comes by grace through faith in Christ, coupled with obedience to his command to be "born of water and of the Spirit"; hence, no good works or obedience to laws or rules can save anyone.<ref>See ''Essential Doctrines of the Bible'', "New Testament Salvation", subheading "Salvation by grace through faith", Word Aflame Press, 1979.</ref> For them, baptism is not seen as a "work" but rather the indispensable means that Jesus himself provided to come into his kingdom. The major Oneness churches include the [[United Pentecostal Church International]] and the [[Pentecostal Assemblies of the World]].

In addition to the denominational Pentecostal churches, there are many Pentecostal churches that choose to exist independently of denominational oversight.<ref name=RestoringtheFaith/> Some of these churches may be doctrinally identical to the various Pentecostal denominations, while others may adopt beliefs and practices that differ considerably from classical Pentecostalism, such as [[Word of Faith]] teachings or [[Kingdom Now Theology|Kingdom Now theology]]. Some of these groups have been successful in utilizing the mass media, especially television and radio, to spread their message.<ref name=varcon33-34>Synan 1987, pp. 33–34.</ref>

According to a denomination census in 2022, the [[Assemblies of God]], the largest Pentecostal denomination in the world, has 367,398 churches and 53,700,000 members worldwide.<ref>Assemblies of God World Missions, [https://www.agwm.org/cms-data/file/vital-stats.pdf Vital statistics 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109103455/https://www.agwm.org/cms-data/file/vital-stats.pdf |date=2021-11-09 }}, agwm.org, USA, 2022</ref> The other major international Pentecostal denominations are the [[Apostolic Church (1911 denomination)|Apostolic Church]] with 15,000,000 members,<ref>Marcus Jones, [https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Apostolic-Church-celebrates-100th-anniversary Apostolic Church celebrates 100th anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715152703/https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Apostolic-Church-celebrates-100th-anniversary |date=2019-07-15 }}, premier.org.uk, UK, July 30, 2016</ref> the [[Church of God (Cleveland)]] with 36,000 churches and 7,000,000 members,<ref>Church of God (Cleveland), [https://churchofgod.org/about/a-brief-history-of-the-church-of-god/ A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF GOD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123232307/http://churchofgod.org/about/a-brief-history-of-the-church-of-god/ |date=2021-01-23 }}, churchofgod.org, USA, retrieved December 5, 2020</ref> [[The Foursquare Church]] with 67,500 churches and 8,800,000 members.<ref>The Foursquare Church, [https://www.foursquare.org/about/history/ History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123002703/https://www.foursquare.org/about/history/ |date=2021-01-23 }}, foursquare.org, USA, retrieved January 29, 2022</ref>

Among the censuses carried out by Pentecostal denominations published in 2020, those claiming the most members were on each continent:

In [[Africa]], the [[Redeemed Christian Church of God]],<ref>Stephen M. Cherry, Helen Rose Ebaugh, ''Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service'', Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2016, p. 35</ref> with 14,000 churches and 5 million members.

In [[North America]], the [[Assemblies of God USA]] with 12,986 churches and 1,810,093 members.<ref>Assemblies of God USA, [https://ag.org/About/Statistics Churches and Membership and Adherents and Ministers 1960 through 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223110408/https://ag.org/About/Statistics |date=2020-12-23 }}, ag.org, USA, retrieved December 5, 2020</ref>

In [[South America]], the [[General Convention of the Assemblies of God in Brazil]] with 12,000,000 members.<ref>G1, [http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2013/04/jose-welligton-e-reeleito-presidente-da-assembleia-de-deus.html José Wellington é reeleito presidente da Assembleia de Deus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202125334/http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2013/04/jose-welligton-e-reeleito-presidente-da-assembleia-de-deus.html |date=2021-02-02 }}, g1.globo.com, Brazil, April 11, 2013</ref>

In [[Asia]], the [[Indonesian Bethel Church]] with 5,000 churches and 3,000,000 members.<ref>Michael Wilkinson, ''Global Pentecostal Movements: Migration, Mission, and Public Religion'', Brill, Leiden, 2012, p. 10</ref>

In [[Europe]], the [[Assemblies of God]] of France with 658 churches and 40,000 members.<ref>ADDF, [https://assemblees-de-dieu.org/aujourdhui/ Aujourd'hui] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122024327/https://assemblees-de-dieu.org/aujourdhui/ |date=2021-01-22 }}, assemblees-de-dieu.org, France, retrieved December 5, 2020</ref>

In [[Oceania]], the [[Australian Christian Churches]] with 1,000 churches and 375,000 members.<ref>Australian Christian Churches, [https://www.acc.org.au/about-us/ WHO WE ARE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112130147/https://www.acc.org.au/about-us/ |date=2021-01-12 }}, acc.org.au, Australia, retrieved December 5, 2020</ref>