Nigeria

=== Regional conflicts ===
{{main|Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria|Religious violence in Nigeria|Nigerian bandit conflict}}
[[File:BokoHaram deaths by state.jpg|thumb|Attacks by Boko Haram, 2011 to October 2022. Each figure represents 1,000 deaths.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Security Tracker |url=https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref>]]
[[Boko Haram]] and the [[Nigerian bandit conflict|bandit conflict]] have been responsible for numerous serious attacks with thousands of casualties since mid-2010. Since then, according to the Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, over 41,600 lives have been lost to this conflict (as of October 2022).<ref name=":5" /> The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR counts about 1.8 million internally displaced persons and about 200,000 Nigerian refugees in neighbouring countries.

The Boko Haram-affected states agreed in February 2015 to establish an 8,700-strong Multinational Joint Task Force to jointly fight Boko Haram. By October 2015, Boko Haram had been driven out of all the cities it controlled and almost all the counties in northeastern Nigeria. In 2016, Boko Haram split and in 2022, 40,000 fighters surrendered.<ref>{{cite web |author=Agency Report |date=2022-03-24 |title=Over 40,000 terrorists surrender to troops – DHQ |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> The splinter group [[Islamic State – West Africa Province|ISWAP]] (Islamic State in West Africa) remains active.

The fight against Boko Haram, other sectarians and criminals has been accompanied by increasing police attacks. The [[Council on Foreign Relations]]' Nigeria Security Tracker counted 1,086 deaths from Boko Haram attacks and 290 deaths from police violence in the first 12 months of its establishment in May 2011. In the 12 months after October 2021, 2,193 people died from police violence and 498 from Boko Haram and ISWAP,<ref name=":5" /> according to the NST. The Nigerian police are notorious for [[Vigilantism|vigilante justice]].<ref name=":5" />

The Niger Delta saw intense [[2016 Niger Delta conflict|attacks on oil infrastructure in 2016]] by militant groups such as the ''Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta'' (MEND), the ''Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force'' (NDPVF), the ''Ijaw National Congress'' (INC) and the ''Pan Niger Delta Forum'' (PANDEF). In response, the new Buhari government pursued a dual strategy of repression and negotiation.

In late 2016, the Nigerian federal government resorted to the gambit of offering the militant groups a 4.5 billion naira (US$144 million) contract to ''guard'' oil infrastructure. Most accepted. The contract was [[Tompolo#Arrest warrant|renewed in August 2022]], but led to fierce disputes among the above-mentioned groups over the distribution of the funds. Representatives speak of "war"<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2022-09-15 |title=Niger Delta militants at war over pipelines surveillance contract |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/niger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> - against each other. The high propensity for violence and the pettiness of the leaders, as well as the complete absence of social and environmental arguments in this dispute<ref name=":7" /> give rise to fears that the militant groups, despite their lofty names, have discarded responsibility for their region and ethnic groups and have moved into the realm of protection rackets and self-enrichment. In any case, the pipelines in the Niger Delta are not very effectively "guarded" - the pollution of the Niger Delta with stolen crude oil and [[#Oil spills|illegally produced heavy fuel oil]] continued unhindered after 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=Niger Delta Avengers group says ends ceasefire in Nigeria oil hub - website |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref>

In central Nigeria, [[Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria|conflicts between Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders and indigenous Christian farmers]] flared up again, especially in Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba and Benue states. In individual cases, these clashes have claimed several hundred lives. Conflict over land and resources is increasing due to the ongoing desertification in northern Nigeria, population growth and the generally tense economic situation.

In June 2022, a massacre took place in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. The Government blamed ISWAP for the murder of over 50 parishioners, but locals suspect Fulani herdsmen involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-06-07 |title=ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref>