John Wycliffe

==== Vernacular Scripture====
Wycliffe is popularly connected with the view that scriptures should be translated into the vernacular and made available to laymen, and that this was a critical issue in the censures against him.

However, scholars have noted the availability of scriptures to laypeople in the vernacular was not a notable theme of Wycliffe's theological works. (It is mentioned in his ''De XXXIII erroribus curitatum'', Chapter 26 against those who would stop secular men from "intermeddling with the Gospel".<ref name=tnt/>{{rp|27}}) Nor were there any church-wide bans on vernacular scriptures in place that Wycliffe might be regarded as protesting against.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=François |first1=Wim |title=Vernacular Bible Reading in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: The "Catholic" Position Revisited |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |date=2018 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=23–56 |doi=10.1353/cat.2018.0001 |s2cid=163790511 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/567000 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref> It was not part of Wycliffe's 1377 papal censure, nor the declaration of heresy by the [[Council of Constance]] (1415).<ref name=constance>{{cite journal |last1=Tatnall |first1=Edith C. |title=The condemnation of John Wyclif at the Council of Constance |journal=Councils and Assemblies |series=Studies in Church History |date=1970 |pages=209–218 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/councils-and-assemblies/condemnation-of-john-wyclif-at-the-council-of-constance/8C7D1C3420BFE791D5AC6D8FE36ED300 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511665820.013 |isbn=9780521080385 }}</ref> Vernacular scriptures were not mentioned in the two key early Lollard documents, regarded as channelling his doctrine: the [[Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards|Twelve Conclusions]] (c. 1396)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards |url=https://chaucer.fas.harvard.edu/pages/twelve-conclusions-lollards |website=chaucer.fas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Ecclesiae Regimen|Thirty Seven Conclusions]] (c. 1396)<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Thirty Seven Conclusions of the Lollards |journal=English Theological Review |date=1911 |volume=XXVI |pages=738–749 |url=https://lollardsociety.org/pdfs/Compston_37_conclusions.pdf}}</ref> (or Remonstrances).