Harry S. Truman

==== Recognition of Israel ====
[[File:Truman receives menorah.jpg|thumb|Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a [[Hanukkah]] [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|Menorah]] from the prime minister of Israel, [[David Ben-Gurion]] (center). To the right is [[Abba Eban]], ambassador of Israel to the United States.]]

Truman had long taken an interest in the history of the Middle East and was sympathetic to Jews who sought to re-establish their ancient homeland in [[Mandatory Palestine]]. As a senator, he announced support for [[Zionism]]; in 1943 he called for a homeland for those Jews who survived the Nazi regime. However, State Department officials were reluctant to offend the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in the large region long populated and dominated culturally by Arabs. Secretary of Defense [[James Forrestal]] warned Truman of the importance of Saudi Arabian oil in another war; Truman replied he would decide his policy on the basis of justice, not oil.{{sfn |McCullough|1992| pp=595–597}} U.S. diplomats with experience in the region were opposed, but Truman told them he had few Arabs among his constituents.{{sfn|McCullough|1992|p=599}}

Palestine was secondary to the goal of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey, and Iran from communism, as promised by the Truman Doctrine.{{sfn|Ottolenghi|2004|pp=963–988}} Weary of both the convoluted politics of the Middle East and pressure by Jewish leaders, Truman was undecided on his policy and skeptical about how the Jewish "underdogs" would handle power.<ref>Baylis, Thomas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6T_Ff6Ra57sC&pg=PA55 How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict]'', p. 55 (Lexington Books, [[Rowman and Littlefield]], 1999).</ref><ref>Holmes, David. ''[https://archive.org/details/faithsofpostwarp0000holm/page/17 The Faiths of the Postwar Presidents: From Truman to Obama]'', pp. 16–17. (U. Georgia Press, 2012).</ref> He later cited as decisive in his recognition of the Jewish state the advice of his former business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jew whom Truman absolutely trusted.{{sfn|McCullough|1992|p=599}}

Truman decided to recognize Israel over the objections of Secretary of State [[George Marshall]], who feared it would hurt relations with the populous Arab states. Marshall believed the paramount threat to the United States was the Soviet Union and feared Arab oil would be lost to the United States in the event of war; he warned Truman the United States was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out".{{sfn|McCullough|1992|pp=604–605}} Truman recognized the [[Israel|State of Israel]] on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|it declared itself a nation]].{{sfn|Lenczowski|1990|p=26}}{{sfn|Truman Library|1948}} Of his decision to recognize the Israeli state, Truman said in an interview years later: "Hitler had been murdering Jews right and left. I saw it, and I dream about it even to this day. The Jews needed some place where they could go. It is my attitude that the American government couldn't stand idly by while the victims [of] Hitler's madness are not allowed to build new lives."{{sfn|Berdichevsky|2012}}