Baptists

===Modernist crisis===
{{further|Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy}}
[[File:Spurgeon.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Spurgeon]] later in life]]

The rise of theological modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also greatly affected Baptists.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp = 424–45}} The Landmark movement has been described as a reaction among Southern Baptists in the United States against incipient modernism.<ref>{{citation|title=History of the American Baptist Association|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last= Ashcraft|pages= 63–6|series= Texarkana|publisher= History and Archives Committee of the American Baptist Association|year=2000}}</ref> In England, [[Charles Spurgeon]] fought against modernistic views of the Scripture in the [[Downgrade Controversy]] and severed his church from the Baptist Union as a result.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | p = 114}}<ref name="downgrade">{{Cite book|last=Spurgeon |first=Charles |title=The "Down Grade" Controversy |publisher=Pilgrim Publications |location=Pasadena, Texas |page=264 |date=2009 |url=http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm |isbn=978-1561862115 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623204825/http://www.spurgeon.org/misc/dwngrd.htm |archive-date=23 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Nettles">{{Cite book | last = Nettles | first = Tom | title = Living By Revealed Truth The Life and Pastoral Theology of Charles Haddon Spurgeon | publisher = Christian Focus Publishing| location = Ross-shire | pages = 700 | date = 21 July 2013 | isbn =9781781911228 }}</ref>

The [[Northern Baptist Convention]] in the United States had internal conflict over modernism in the early 20th century, ultimately embracing it.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp =395, 436}} Two new conservative associations of congregations that separated from the convention were founded as a result: the [[General Association of Regular Baptist Churches]] in 1933 and the [[Conservative Baptist Association of America]] in 1947.{{Sfn | Torbet | 1975 | pp =395, 436}}

Following similar conflicts over modernism, [[Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence|the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology]] as its official position.<ref>Hefley, James C., ''The Truth in Crisis, Volume 6: The Conservative Resurgence in the Southern Baptist Convention'', Hannibal Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-929292-19-7}}.</ref><ref>James, Rob B. ''The Fundamentalist Takeover in the Southern Baptist Convention'', 4th ed., Wilkes Publishing, [[Washington, Georgia]].</ref> In the late 20th century, Southern Baptists who disagreed with this direction founded two new groups: the liberal [[Alliance of Baptists]] in 1987 and the more moderate [[Cooperative Baptist Fellowship]] in 1991.<ref name = BrackneyBNA138>{{cite book| last =Brackney | first = William H.|title=Baptists in North America: An Historical Perspective|publisher=Wiley |year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-1865-1 |page=138|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=elSI3WJy1kMC&pg=PA138 | access-date = 16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Mead | first1 = Frank Spencer | first2 = Samuel S | last2 = Hill | first3 = Craig D | last3 = Atwood|title= Handbook of Denominations in the United States|publisher= Abingdon Press |year= 2001 | isbn = 978-0-687-06983-5|page= 46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Bill J.|title=Baptists in America|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-12703-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228 228]|url=https://archive.org/details/baptistsinameric0000leon/page/228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |access-date=16 January 2010 |url=http://www.thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ |title=CBF History |publisher=Cooperative Baptist Fellowship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130075936/http://thefellowship.info/About-Us/FAQ |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Originally both schisms continued to identify as Southern Baptist, but over time they "became permanent new families of Baptists."<ref name =BrackneyBNA138 />