Anthropology

===Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality===
{{Anthropology of kinship}}

==== Kinship ====
{{main|Kinship}}
''Kinship'' can refer both to ''the study of'' the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to ''the patterns of social relationships'' themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "[[kinship|descent]]", "[[descent group]]s", "[[lineage (anthropology)|lineages]]", "[[affinity (law)|affines]]", "[[cognatic kinship|cognates]]", and even "[[fictive kinship]]". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Within kinship you have two different families. People have their biological families and it is the people they share DNA with. This is called [[consanguinity]] or "blood ties".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304/66/ET/304-66-ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf |title=Types of Kinship- Consanguineal and Affinal |work=inflibnet.ac.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214160656/http://content.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304/66/ET/304-66-ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf |access-date=28 November 2023|archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023}} People can also have a chosen family in which they chose who they want to be a part of their family. In some cases, people are closer with their chosen family more than with their biological families.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pountney, Laura|title=Introducing anthropology|others=Maric, Tomislav|year= 2015|isbn=978-0-7456-9977-6|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=909318382 |publisher=Polity Press}}</ref>

==== Feminist ====
{{main|Feminist anthropology}}
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ([[archaeology|archeological]], [[biological anthropology|biological]], [[cultural anthropology|cultural]], [[linguistic anthropology|linguistic]]) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white feminists of Europe, America, and elsewhere. From the perspective of the [[Western world]], historically such 'peripheral' perspectives have been ignored, observed only from an outsider perspective, and regarded as less-valid or less-important than knowledge from the Western world{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2022}}. Exploring and addressing that double bias against women from marginalized racial or ethnic groups is of particular interest in [[intersectional]] feminist anthropology.

Feminist anthropologists have stated that their publications have contributed to anthropology, along the way correcting against the systemic biases beginning with the "patriarchal origins of anthropology (and (academia)" and note that from 1891 to 1930 doctorates in anthropology went to males more than 85%, more than 81% were under 35, and only 7.2% to anyone over 40 years old, thus reflecting an age gap in the pursuit of anthropology by [[first-wave feminism|first-wave feminists]] until later in life.<ref>Cattell, Maria and Marjorie M. Schweitzer, editors. ''Women in Anthropology: Autobiographical Narratives and Social History.'' (Left Coast Press: Walnut Creek), pp. 15–40. {{ISBN|1-59874-083-0}}</ref> This correction of systemic bias may include mainstream [[feminist theory]], [[history]], [[linguistics]], [[archaeology]], and anthropology. Feminist anthropologists are often concerned with the construction of [[gender]] across societies. Gender constructs are of particular interest when studying [[sexism]].{{cn|date=September 2022}}

According to [[St. Clair Drake]], [[Vera Mae Green]] was, until "[w]ell into the 1960s", the only [[African-American|African American]] female [[anthropologist]] who was also a [[Caribbeanist]]. She studied ethnic and family relations in the [[Caribbean]] as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were studied.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1525/aa.1982.84.3.02a00080|title = Vera Mae Green, 1928–1982| journal=American Anthropologist| volume=84| issue=3| pages=633–635|date = September 1982|last1 = Cole|first1 = Johnnetta B.| doi-access=}}</ref> However, Zora Neale Hurston, although often primarily considered to be a literary author, was trained in anthropology by Franz Boas, and published ''Tell my Horse'' about her "anthropological observations" of voodoo in the Caribbean (1938).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255 |title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse |last1=Trefzer |first1=Annette |journal=African American Review |date=28 November 2023 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=299–312 }}</ref>

Feminist anthropology is inclusive of the anthropology of birth<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1007/0-387-29905-X_26 | chapter=Birth | title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology | date=2004 | last1=Sargent | first1=Carolyn | pages=224–230 | isbn=978-0-306-47754-6 }}</ref> as a specialization, which is the anthropological study of [[pregnancy]] and [[childbirth]] within cultures and societies.