Abraham

===Judaism===
In Jewish tradition, Abraham is called ''Avraham Avinu'' (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, the first Jew.{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} His story is read in the weekly [[Torah]] reading portions, predominantly in the [[parashot]]: [[Lech-Lecha (parsha)|Lech-Lecha]] (לֶךְ-לְךָ), [[Vayeira (parsha)|Vayeira]] (וַיֵּרָא), [[Chayei Sarah (parsha)|Chayei Sarah]] (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and [[Toledot (parsha)|Toledot]] (תּוֹלְדֹת).

[[Hanan bar Rava]] taught in [[Abba Arikha]]'s name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bava Batra 91a|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.91a|access-date=2021-03-08|website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref>{{Efn|MSS variants: ''bat Barnebo, bat bar-Nebo, bar-bar-Nebo, bat Karnebi, bat Kar Nebo''. Karnebo (''outpost of [[Nabu]]'') is attested as a [[Sumer]]ian theophoric place-name in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] inscriptions, including the [[Andre Michaux|Michaux stone]]. It referred to at least two separate cities in antiquity.<ref>Yamada, Shigeo. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/40/0/40_56/_pdf "Karus on the Frontiers of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Orient 40 (2005)]"</ref> Rabbinic tradition connects Karnebo to the [[Biblical Hebrew]] Kar (כר ''lamb''), translating it ''[[Tumah and taharah|pure]] lambs''.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org/Rashbam_on_Bava_Batra.91a.14.2?lang=bi "Rashbam on Bava Batra 91a:14:2"]. http://www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.</ref>}} [[Hiyya bar Abba]] taught that [[Abraham and the Idol Shop|Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol shop]] in his youth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bereishit Rabbah 38|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Bereishit_Rabbah.38|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref>

In ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', God created heaven and earth for the sake of the merits of Abraham.{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909|loc=Vol I: The Wicked Generations}} After the [[Genesis flood narrative|biblical flood]], Abraham was the only one among the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God,{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909|loc=Vol. I: In the Fiery Furnace}} studied in the house of [[Noah]] and [[Shem]] to learn about the "Ways of God,"{{sfn|Jasher|1840|p=22|loc =Ch9, vv 5–6}} continued the line of [[Kohanim|High Priest]] from Noah and Shem, and assigning the office to [[Levi]] and [[Tribe of Levi|his seed]] forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved from the fiery furnace of [[Nimrod]] following his brave action of breaking the idols of the [[Chaldea]]ns into pieces.{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909}} During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to praise God also knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909|loc=Vol. I: The Covenant with Abimelech}}

Along with [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]], he is the one whose name would appear united with God, as [[God in Judaism]] was called ''Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob'' ("God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God of anyone else.{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909|loc=Vol. I: Joy and Sorrow in the House of Jacob}} He was also mentioned as the father of thirty nations.{{sfn|Ginzberg|1909|loc=Vol. I: The Birth of Esau and Jacob}}

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the ''[[Sefer Yetzirah]]'', one of the earliest extant books on [[Jewish mysticism]].<ref>''Sefer Yetzirah Hashalem'' (with Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentary), [[Yosef Qafih]] (editor), Jerusalem 1972, p. 46 (Hebrew / Judeo-Arabic)</ref>

According to [[Pirkei Avot]], Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.<ref>Pirkei Avot 5:3 – עֲשָׂרָה נִסְיוֹנוֹת נִתְנַסָּה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם וְעָמַד בְּכֻלָּם, לְהוֹדִיעַ כַּמָּה חִבָּתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם</ref> The [[Binding of Isaac]] is specified in the Bible as a test;<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|22:1|GNT}}</ref> the other nine are not specified, but later rabbinical sources give various enumerations.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}