Romania

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Romania|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}}
Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] built the first airplane to take off under its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|access-date=7 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224335/http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|title=AUREL VLAICU|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926114207/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/784-aurel-vlaicu|url-status=dead}}</ref> while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|title=Henri Coandă|website=www2.rosa.ro|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095740/http://www2.rosa.ro/index.php/en/rosa-home/history-menu/125-henri-coanda|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50&nbsp;types of bacteria;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/victor-babes-savantul-roman-descoperit-50-tipuri-microbi-vaccin-turbarii-1_5a1ab5795ab6550cb88d1818/index.html|title=Victor Babeș, savantul român care a descoperit 50 de noi tipuri de microbi și un vaccin împotriva turbării|website=adevarul.ro|date=27 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/nicolae-paulescu.html|title=Nicolae Paulescu was a Romanian scientist who claimed to have been the first person to discover insulin, which he called pancreine.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> while [[Emil Palade]] received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to [[cell biology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1974/palade/facts/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesise [[amphetamine]], and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Elaine A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vfMjBwzpIgC&q=Laz%C4%83r+Edeleanu+was+the+first+chemist+to+synthesise+amphetamine&pg=PA20|title=The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes|date=10 January 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8012-8|language=en}}</ref>

During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011  }}</ref> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by [[research and development]] spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5%&nbsp;in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over&nbsp;2%.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|title=R&D expenditure in the EU remained stable in 2016 at just over 2% of GDP|date=1 December 2017|publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|title=Romania, last in the EU on R&D expenditure|publisher=Romania Insider|date=10 January 2019}}</ref> The country joined the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|title=Romania accedes to ESA Convention|publisher=European Space Agency|date=20 January 2011}}</ref> and [[CERN]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|publisher=CERN|date=5 September 2016|title=CERN welcomes Romania as its twenty-second Member State}}</ref> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8&nbsp;million in membership contributions to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania loses voting right at European Space Agency due to unpaid debts|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|work=Romania Insider|date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Romania's high hopes for science |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |doi=10.1038/news.2011.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |volume=469 |issue=7329 |pages=142–143 |doi=10.1038/469142a |pmid=21228844 |bibcode=2011Natur.469..142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Romania was ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP &#124; Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archive-date=6 September 2011  }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guiana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014  }}</ref> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archive-date=8 December 2014  }}</ref>