Republican Party (United States)

=== 21st century ===
{{see also|Neoconservatism|Tea Party movement|Right-wing populism|Trumpism}}
Republicans began the 21st century with the election of [[George W. Bush]] in the [[2000 United States presidential election]] and saw the peak of a [[neoconservative]] faction that held significant influence over the initial American response to the [[September 11 attacks]] through the [[War on Terror]].<ref name = "Rathburn 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Rathburn |first1=Brian C. |title=Does One Right Make a Realist? Conservatism, Neoconservatism, and Isolationism in the Foreign Policy Ideology of American Elites |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=123 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2008 |pages=271–299 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00625.x |issn=1538-165X |language=en-us}}</ref> The election of [[Barack Obama]] saw the formation of the [[Tea Party movement]] in 2009 that coincided with a global rise in [[right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] movements from the 2010s to 2020's.<ref name = "Isaac2017">{{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Jeffrey |title=Making America Great Again? |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |date=November 2017 |pages=625–631 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000871 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election of [[Donald Trump]] in 2016.<ref name="campani">{{Cite journal |last1=Campani |first1=Giovanna |last2=Fabelo Concepción |first2=Sunamis |last3=Rodriguez Soler |first3=Angel |last4=Sánchez Savín |first4=Claudia |date=December 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Party has since faced intense factionalism,<ref name=":4"/> and has also undergone a major decrease in influence of the traditional establishment conservative faction.<ref name="Biebricher-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Biebricher |first1=Thomas |date=October 25, 2023 |title=The Crisis of American Conservatism in Historical–Comparative Perspective |journal=Politische Vierteljahresschrift |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11615-023-00501-2 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Arhin-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Arhin |first1=Kofi |last2=Stockemer |first2=Daniel |last3=Normandin |first3=Marie-Soleil |date=May 29, 2023 |title=THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER: A Populist Radical Right Voter Like Any Other? |journal=[[World Affairs]] |language=en |volume=186 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/00438200231176818 |issn=1940-1582 |doi-access=free |quote= In this article, we first illustrate that the Republican Party, or at least the dominant wing, which supports or tolerates Donald Trump and his Make America Great Again (MAGA) agenda have become a proto-typical populist radical right-wing party (PRRP).}}</ref><ref name="Aratani-2021">{{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party’s deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}}</ref><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP">{{Cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Andrew |last2=Sherman |first2=Jake |last3=Bresnahan |first3=John |date=February 7, 2024 |title=The end of the Old GOP |language=en-US |work=[[Punchbowl News]] |url=https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-date=February 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114758/https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump's election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement into [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Trumpists|Trumpist]] and [[Never Trump movement|anti-Trump]] factions.<ref name ="Johnson-McCray-Ragusa 2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Lauren R.|last2=McCray|first2=Deon|last3=Ragusa|first3=Jordan M.|date=January 11, 2018|title=#NeverTrump: Why Republican members of Congress refused to support their party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1177/2053168017749383|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Swartz2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Swartz |first1=David L. |date=27 May 2022 |title=Trump divide among American conservative professors |journal=[[Theory & Society]] |language=en |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=739–769 |doi=10.1007/s11186-023-09517-4 |issn=1573-7853 |doi-access=free |pmid=37362148 |pmc=10224651 }}</ref>

There are significant divisions within the party on the issues of [[abortion]], [[same-sex marriage]], and [[free trade]].<ref name="Cohn2023">{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=August 17, 2023 |title=The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |access-date=October 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Doherty-2023" />

==== Conservatives ====
{{Main|Conservatism in the United States|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Conservatives}}
{{see also|cultural conservatism|Fiscal conservatism|Movement conservatism|Social conservatism}}
Ronald Reagan's presidential election in 1980 established Reagan-style American conservatism as the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.<ref name="Smith-2021"/><ref name="Biebricher-2023"/><ref name="Arhin-2023"/><ref name="Ward 08-26-22"/><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP"/><ref name = "Kight Feb142024">{{Cite news |last=Kight |first=Stef W. |date=February 13, 2023|title=GOP's old guard on verge of extinction as Trump allies circle Senate |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/02/14/mcconnell-trump-republican-party-2024-election |access-date=February 14, 2024 |work=Axios |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies with [[social conservatism]] and a hawkish approach to foreign policy.<ref name="Devine-2014" /> Part of the conservative movement is composed of [[fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservatives]] and [[deficit hawk]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coates|first=David|year=2012|title=The Oxford Companion to American Politics|volume=2|page=393|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976431-0}}</ref> Conservatives generally support policies that favor [[limited government]], [[individualism]], [[tradition]]alism, [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]], and limited [[Federal government of the United States|federal governmental]] power [[States' rights|in relation]] to [[U.S. state|the states]].<ref name="political-ideology-today">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |title=Political Ideology Today |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0719060205 |edition=reprinted, revised |location=Manchester |pages=32–33 |quote=Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism" and the proper role of government... ...the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... The American right has tended towards... classical liberalism... |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193242/https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.<ref name="New Fusionism"/> These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for [[national conservatism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The growing peril of national conservatism |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[protectionism]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=October 26, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213131705/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[cultural conservatism]], a more [[Realism (international relations)|realist]] foreign policy, a repudiation of [[neoconservatism]], reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.<ref name="New Fusionism">{{Cite journal |last1=Ashbee |first1=Edward |last2=Waddan|first2=Alex|date=13 December 2023 |title=US Republicans and the New Fusionism |journal=[[The Political Quarterly]] |volume=95 |pages=148–156 |language=en |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.13341 |s2cid=266282896 |issn=1467-923X }}</ref>

Conservative caucuses include the [[Republican Study Committee]] and [[Freedom Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About|date=December 19, 2013 |url=https://rsc-hern.house.gov/about|publisher=Republican Study Committee|access-date=February 14, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111231548/https://rsc-hern.house.gov/about|archive-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desilver|first=Drew|date=January 23, 2023|title=Freedom Caucus likely to play a bigger role in new GOP-led House. So who are they?|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108045953/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/01/23/freedom-caucus-likely-to-play-a-bigger-role-in-new-gop-led-house-so-who-are-they/|archive-date=January 8, 2024|access-date=February 14, 2024|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Christian right ====
{{Main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Christian right |Christian right}}
{{see also|Christian nationalism#United States|Social conservatism|United States anti-abortion movement|2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States}}
[[File:Donald Trump delivers remarks at the Liberty University.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jerry Falwell Jr.]] with President Trump in 2017. Falwell has been identified by commentators a figure of the Christian right.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Severns |first=Maggie |date=June 1, 2021 |title=An Evangelical Battle of the Generations: To Embrace Trump or Not? |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/06/01/liberty-university-evangelical-jerry-falwell-donald-trump-491319 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308071945/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/06/01/liberty-university-evangelical-jerry-falwell-donald-trump-491319 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Since the rise of the [[Christian right]] in the 1970s, the Republican Party has drawn significant support from [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalists]] in the [[Catholic Church]] and [[evangelicals]] partly due to [[opposition to abortion]] after ''[[Roe v. Wade]].''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Banwart |first=Doug |title=Jerry Falwell, the Rise of the Moral Majority, and the 1980 Election |journal=Western Illinois Historical Review |volume=5 |pages=133–57 |date=2013 |url=http://www.wiu.edu/cas/history/wihr/pdfs/Banwart-MoralMajorityVol5.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430112900/http://www.wiu.edu/cas/history/wihr/pdfs/Banwart-MoralMajorityVol5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Williams-2022">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel K. |date=May 9, 2022 |title=This Really Is a Different Pro-Life Movement |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |quote=This was not merely a geographic shift, trading one region for another, but a more fundamental transformation of the anti-abortion movement’s political ideology. In 1973 many of the most vocal opponents of abortion were northern Democrats who believed in an expanded social-welfare state and who wanted to reduce abortion rates through prenatal insurance and federally funded day care. In 2022, most anti-abortion politicians are conservative Republicans who are skeptical of such measures. What happened was a seismic religious and political shift in opposition to abortion that has not occurred in any other Western country. |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510043840/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/south-abortion-pro-life-protestants-catholics/629779/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Christian right faction is characterized by strong support of [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and [[Christian nationalism#United States|Christian nationalist]] policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Baker |first3=Joseph O. |title=Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=79 |issue=2 |date=25 January 2018 |pages=147–171 |doi=10.1093/socrel/srx070 |quote=The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States’ perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally.}}</ref><ref name = "AP Christian">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Peter |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now |url=https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |url-status=live |work=Associated Press |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219033711/https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82 |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Politico Christian">{{cite web |last1=Rouse |first1=Stella |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |title=Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |website=Politico |access-date=February 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Compared to other Republicans, the socially conservative [[Religious right in the United States|Christian right]] faction of the party is more likely to oppose [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]], [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|marijuana legalization]], and support [[Abortion law in the United States by state|significantly restricting the legality of abortion]].<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Robert B. |author-last=Smith |title=Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century |chapter=Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality |editor-first=Harry F. |editor-last=Dahms |date=2014|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781784412227|page=101|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|language=en}}</ref> Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce [[Christian values]], and overturn the [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]].<ref name="AP Christian" /><ref name="Politico Christian" />

In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, [[Mike Johnson (Louisiana politician)|Mike Johnson]], was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Graham |first2=Ruth |last3=Eder |first3=Steve |title=For Mike Johnson, Religion Is at the Forefront of Politics and Policy |work=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/us/politics/mike-johnson-speaker-religion.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Christian conservatives cheer one of their own as Mike Johnson assumes Congress' most powerful seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/house-speaker-mike-johnson-christian-right-louisiana-9407f1e4b4c588f27f9510dd47c94fe8 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==== Trumpists ====
{{main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Trumpists|Trumpism}}
{{see also|Right-wing populism|Radical right (United States)|National conservatism|Freedom Caucus}}
[[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Trumpists|Trumpists]] are the dominant political faction of the GOP.<ref name="Smith-2021"/><ref name="Biebricher-2023"/><ref name="Arhin-2023"/><ref name="Ward 08-26-22"/><ref name="Punchbowl Old GOP"/><ref name="Kight Feb142024"/><ref name="Aratani2021">{{cite news |last1=Aratani |first1=Lauren |title=Republicans unveil two minimum wage bills in response to Democrats' push |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230535/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/26/republicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate |archive-date=14 August 2021 |quote=In keeping with the party’s deep division between its dominant Trumpist faction and its more traditionalist party elites, the twin responses seem aimed at appealing on one hand to its corporate-friendly allies and on the other hand to its populist rightwing base. Both have an anti-immigrant element.}}</ref><ref name="Politico 2024-02-25">{{Cite news |last1=Wren |first1=Adam |last2=Montellaro |first2=Zach |last3=Kashinsky |first3=Lisa |last4=Shepard |first4=Steven |last5=Allison |first5=Natalie |last6=Piper |first6=Jessica |date=2024-02-25 |title=Hidden in Trump's big South Carolina win: A not-so-small problem for him in November|language=en-US |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/24/south-carolina-takeaways-trump-haley-00143177 |access-date=2024-02-25 |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225173845/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/24/south-carolina-takeaways-trump-haley-00143177 |url-status=live |quote=From top to bottom, the Republican Party is Trump’s party. There are no reliable pockets of dissent.}}</ref> Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,<ref name="University of Washington 2021">{{cite web | title=Panel Study of the MAGA Movement | website=University of Washington | date=January 6, 2021 | url=https://sites.uw.edu/magastudy/ | access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Gabbatt Smith 2023">{{cite web | last1=Gabbatt | first1=Adam | last2=Smith | first2=David | title='America First 2.0': Vivek Ramaswamy pitches to be Republicans' next Trump | website=the Guardian | date=August 19, 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/19/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-presidential-nomination-candidate | access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> Trumpists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to [[right-wing populism]],<ref name="campani" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |date=November 2020 |title=Measuring populism worldwide |journal=Party Politics |language=en |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=697–717 |doi=10.1177/1354068820927686 |s2cid=216298689 |issn=1354-0688|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Cassidy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |title=Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party |last=Cassidy |first=John |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225035/http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[national conservatism]],<ref name="Economist Feb152024">{{cite news |date=February 15, 2024 |title="National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220205122/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[neo-nationalism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Shaoqing |title=The origins, characteristics and trends of neo-nationalism in the 21st century |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=December 8, 2022 |page=18 |doi=10.1186/s41257-022-00079-4 |doi-access=free |pmid=36532330 |quote=On a practical level, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union and Trump’s election as the United States president are regarded as typical events of neo-nationalism.|pmc=9735003 }}</ref> and [[Trumpism]].<ref name="Ball 2024">{{cite news |last1=Ball |first1=Molly |title=The GOP Wants Pure, Uncut Trumpism |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124014202/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/gop-new-hampshire-trump-haley-403080ca |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Katzenstein2019">{{cite news |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Katzenstein |title=Trumpism is US |url=https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=WZB {{!}} Berlin Social Science Center |date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="DiSalvo2022">{{cite magazine |last1=DiSalvo |first1=Daniel |author-link=Daniel DiSalvo |date=Fall 2022 |title=Party Factions and American Politics |url=https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics |journal=National Affairs |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323210441/https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> They have been described as the American political variant of the [[Radical right (United States)|far-right]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lowndes |first1=Joseph |editor-last=de la Torre |editor-first=Carlos |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump |isbn=978-1315226446 |date=2019 |location=London & New York |at="Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200 |quote=Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bennhold |first1=Katrin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html |title=Trump Emerges as Inspiration for Germany's Far Right |date=September 7, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-date=November 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120233123/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gardner Charles 2023 p. 31">{{cite book | last1=Gardner | first1=J.A. | last2=Charles | first2=G.U. | title=Election Law in the American Political System | publisher=Aspen Publishing | series=Aspen Casebook Series | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-5438-2683-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZViqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 | access-date=2023-12-31 | page=31}}</ref>

Despite producing no manifesto,<ref name="SpiegeleireSkinnerSweijs2017">{{cite book |last1=Spiegeleire |first1=Stephan De |last2=Skinner |first2=Clarissa |last3=Sweijs |first3=Tim |title=The Rise of Populist Sovereignism: What It Is, Where It Comes From, and What It Means for International Security and Defense |year=2017 |publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies |isbn=978-94-92102-59-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY19DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR6}}</ref> the Trumpist faction supports cuts to spending.<ref name="Chatelain 2023 d086">{{cite web | last=Chatelain | first=Ryan | title=Freedom Caucus issues demands for raising debt limit | website=Spectrum News NY1 | date=2023-03-10 | url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2023/03/10/freedom-caucus-issues-demands-for-raising-debt-limit | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feagin |first=Joe R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPGyEAAAQBAJ |title=White Minority Nation: Past, Present and Future |date=2023-04-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-86223-2 |language=en}}</ref> In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,<ref name="Falk 2023 t804">{{cite web | last=Falk | first=Thomas O | title=Why are US Republicans pushing for aid to Israel but not Ukraine? | website=Al Jazeera | date=2023-11-08 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/why-are-us-republicans-pushing-for-aid-to-israel-but-not-ukraine | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Riccardi |first=Nicholas |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Stalled US aid for Ukraine underscores GOP's shift away from confronting Russia  |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> are generally supportive towards [[Russia]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lillis |first=Mike |date=February 28, 2024 |title=GOP strained by Trump-influenced shift from Reagan on Russia  |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|quote=Experts say a variety of factors have led to the GOP’s more lenient approach to Moscow, some of which preceded Trump’s arrival on the political scene ... Trump’s popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Molly |date=February 23, 2024 |title=How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/how-trump-turned-conservatives-against-helping-ukraine-d9f75b3b |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonathan |first=Chait |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Russian Dolls Trump has finally remade Republicans into Putin's playthings. |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=[[New York (magazine)|Intelligencer]]|quote=But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump’s once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult.}}</ref> and favor an [[isolationism|isolationist]] "[[America First (policy)|America First]]" foreign policy agenda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Jason |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fears of a NATO Withdrawal Rise as Trump Seeks a Return to Power|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-2025-nato.html |work=New York Times |date=December 9, 2023|access-date=December 10, 2023|last1=Swan|first1=Jonathan|last2=Savage|first2=Charlie|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Baker|first=Peter|title=Favoring Foes Over Friends, Trump Threatens to Upend International Order|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/11/us/politics/trump-nato.html|work=The New York Times |date=February 11, 2024|access-date=February 21, 2024|issn=1553-8095|language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Cohn2023">{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Nate |date=August 17, 2023 |title=The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |access-date=October 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They generally reject compromise within the party and with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]],<ref name="Collinson 2023 n804">{{cite web | last=Collinson | first=Stephen | title=McCarthy became the latest victim of Trump's extreme GOP revolution | website=CNN | date=2023-10-04 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/04/politics/mccarthy-victim-trump-gop-revolution/index.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Rocha 2023 k444">{{cite web | last=Rocha | first=Alander | title=Mike Rogers says of 'far-right wing' of GOP: 'You can't get rid of them' | website=AL | date=2023-09-07 | url=https://www.al.com/news/2023/09/mike-rogers-says-far-right-wing-of-gop-act-like-my-kids-you-cant-get-rid-of-them.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.<ref name="Macpherson 2021 r371">{{cite web | last=Macpherson | first=James | title=Far right tugs at North Dakota Republican Party | website=AP News | date=2021-07-24 | url=https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-north-dakota-8fce64375abe042324cf26b4c82d57bf | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Times-Herald.com 2023 x358">{{cite web | title=Fringe activists threaten Georgia GOP's political future | website=The Times Herald | date=2023-05-15 | url=https://www.times-herald.com/opinion/fringe-activists-threaten-georgia-gop-s-political-future/article_b3fd5a4a-f33f-11ed-901d-7fbbbf28e09e.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to oppose [[immigration|legal immigration]],<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Political History |last2=Critchlow |first2=Donald T. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0190628697 |page=387 |quote="Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base." |via=Google Books |access-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[free trade]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Kent |title=Populism and Trade: The Challenge to the Global Trading System |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0190086350 |chapter=Populism, Trade, and Trump’s Path to Victory}}</ref> [[neoconservatism]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Smith |first1=Jordan Michael |last2=Logis |first2=Rich |last3=Logis |first3=Rich |last4=Shephard |first4=Alex |last5=Shephard |first5=Alex |last6=Kipnis |first6=Laura |last7=Kipnis |first7=Laura |last8=Haas |first8=Lidija |last9=Haas |first9=Lidija |date=October 17, 2022 |title=The Neocons Are Losing. Why Aren't We Happy? |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |access-date=May 5, 2023 |issn=0028-6583 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505163722/https://newrepublic.com/article/168045/neoconservative-isolationism-republican-party |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Environmentalism|environmental protection laws]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arias-Maldonado |first=Manuel |date=January 2020 |title=Sustainability in the Anthropocene: Between Extinction and Populism |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2538 |doi=10.3390/su12062538 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Republican Party's populist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,<ref name="Isaac2017"/> coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the [[Tea Party movement]] which has also been described as far-right.<ref name="Blum pp. 88–109">{{cite journal | last=Blum | first=Rachel M. & Cowburn, Mike | title=How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era | journal=British Journal of Political Science | date=2024 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=88–109 | doi=10.1017/S0007123423000224 | url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/bjposi/v54y2024i1p88-109_5.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and [[Never Trump movement|anti-Trump]] factions.<ref name ="Johnson-McCray-Ragusa 2018" /><ref name ="Swartz2022" />

The party's Trumpist faction includes members of the [[Freedom Caucus]],<ref name="NBC4 Washington 2023 e016">{{cite web | title=Far-right Republicans drafted a short-term funding bill with GOP centrists. It's now at risk of collapse. | website=NBC4 Washington | date=2023-09-19 | url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/far-right-republicans-drafted-a-short-term-funding-bill-with-gop-centrists-its-now-at-risk-of-collapse/3426059/ | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Hulse 2023 y458">{{cite web | last=Hulse | first=Carl | title=In Mike Johnson, Far-Right Republicans Find a Speaker They Can Embrace | website=The New York Times | date=2023-10-25 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/us/politics/mike-johnson-republican-house-speaker.html | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Mascaro Freking Amiri 2023 a302">{{cite web | last1=Mascaro | first1=Lisa | last2=Freking | first2=Kevin | last3=Amiri | first3=Farnoush | title=Republicans pick Jim Jordan as nominee for House speaker, putting job within the Trump ally's reach | website=AP News | date=2023-10-13 | url=https://apnews.com/article/house-republicans-scalise-jordan-mccarthy-trump-ced017e71de967a7e327cba7e502926a | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> as well as [[Lauren Boebert]], [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] and [[Matt Gaetz]], who led [[Removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House|the 2023 rebellion against then-Speaker of the House]] [[Kevin McCarthy]].<ref name="Al Jazeera 2023 n655">{{cite web | title=Kevin McCarthy removed as US House speaker in unprecedented vote | website=Al Jazeera | date=2023-10-03 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/3/us-house-speaker-mccarthy-removed-from-role-in-unprecedented-vote | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Vargas 2023 x488">{{cite web | last=Vargas | first=Ramon Antonio | title=Matt Gaetz says ousting of Kevin McCarthy was worth risk of losing seat | website=The Guardian | date=2023-10-09 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/09/matt-gaetz-kevin-mccarthy-ouster-worth-risk-losing-seat | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>

Joseph Lowndes, a professor of political science at the University of Oregon, argued that while current far-right Republicans support Trump, the faction rose before and will likely exist after Trump.<ref name="Lowndes 2021 q431">{{cite news | last=Lowndes | first=Joseph | title=Far-right extremism dominates the GOP. It didn't start — and won't end — with Trump | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2021-11-08 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/11/08/far-right-extremism-dominates-gop-it-didnt-start-wont-end-with-trump/ | access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at [[Marquette University]], noted that not all Trumpist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.<ref name="Azari 2022 j483">{{cite web | last=Azari | first=Julia | title=How Republicans Are Thinking About Trumpism Without Trump | website=FiveThirtyEight | date=2022-03-15 | url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-republicans-are-thinking-about-trumpism-without-trump/ | access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> According to sociologist [[Joe Feagin]], political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feagin |first=Joe R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPGyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |title=White Minority Nation: Past, Present and Future |date=2023-04-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-86223-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Libertarians ====
{{main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Libertarians|Libertarian Republican}}
{{See also|Libertarian conservatism|Right-libertarianism|Libertarianism in the United States|Republican Liberty Caucus|Tea Party Movement}}
The Republican Party has a small faction of [[Libertarian Republican|libertarians]]. This faction of the party tends to prevail in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] and [[Western United States]].<ref name="Cohn2023" />

[[Right-libertarianism]] emerged from [[fusionism]] in the 1950s and 60s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Why Americans Hate Politics|last=Dionne Jr.|first=E.J.|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|location=New York|page=161}}</ref> [[Barry Goldwater]] had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Poole |first=Robert |title=In memoriam: Barry Goldwater |date=August–September 1998 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419 |newspaper=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |type=Obituary |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628123204/http%3A//findarticles%2Ecom/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419/ |archive-date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> Libertarians typically favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the [[Affordable Care Act]], and protecting [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]].<ref name="NYTAnalysis">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/08/26/sunday-review/a-new-guide-to-the-republican-herd.html|title=A New Guide to the Republican Herd|website=archive.nytimes.com|date=August 26, 2012}}</ref> In foreign policy Libertarians prefer [[non-interventionism]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118463507387568429|title=Libertarians and the War|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=July 17, 2007|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093522/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118463507387568429|archive-date=July 29, 2017|last1=Barnett|first1=Randy E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cato.org/policy-report/julyaugust-2015/toward-libertarian-foreign-policy|title=Toward a Libertarian Foreign Policy|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020813/https://www.cato.org/policy-report/julyaugust-2015/toward-libertarian-foreign-policy|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> and [[isolationism]].<ref name="Cohn2023" /> Compared to other Republicans, they are more likely to favor the [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|legalization of marijuana]], [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] such as [[same-sex marriage]], [[gun rights]], oppose [[surveillance|mass surveillance]], and support reforms to current laws surrounding [[Civil forfeiture in the United States|civil asset forfeiture]]. Right-wing libertarians are [[Libertarian perspectives on abortion|strongly divided on the subject of abortion]].<ref name="Libertarians for Life">{{cite web |author=Doris Gordon (1995, 1999) |title=Abortion and Rights: Applying Libertarian Principles Correctly |url=http://www.l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html |publisher=[[Libertarians for Life]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526031557/http://l4l.org/library/abor-rts.html |url-status=live }} Also see: {{cite book |last1=McElroy |first1=Wendy |title=Liberty for Women |date=2002 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=978-1566634359 |location=Chicago |page=156 |oclc=260069067 |quote=Libertarians for Life declare that abortion is not a right but a 'wrong under justice.' |author-link1=Wendy McElroy}}</ref>

Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include [[Rand Paul]], a U.S. senator from [[Kentucky]],<ref name="courier-journal.com">{{Cite web |title=Who are Mike Lee and Rand Paul, the senators slamming the White House's Iran briefing? |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/ |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=The Courier-Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/09/who-mike-lee-and-rand-paul-senators-slamming-white-houses-iran-briefing/4420109002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hannitycpac">{{cite news |date=March 18, 2013 |title=Sen. Rand Paul talks CPAC straw poll victory, looks ahead to 2016 |publisher=Hannity with Sean Hannity (Fox News Network) |url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/hannity/2013/03/19/sen-rand-paul-talks-cpac-straw-poll-victory-looks-ahead-2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401150703/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/hannity/2013/03/19/sen-rand-paul-talks-cpac-straw-poll-victory-looks-ahead-2016 |archive-date=April 1, 2013}}</ref> [[Kentucky's 4th congressional district]] congressman [[Thomas Massie]],<ref name="tea party">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Joshua |date=December 22, 2012 |title=Scientist, Farmer Brings Tea Party Sensibility to House |work=[[Roll Call]] |url=https://www.rollcall.com/2012/12/22/scientist-farmer-brings-tea-party-sensibility-to-house/ |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901054304/https://www.rollcall.com/2012/12/22/scientist-farmer-brings-tea-party-sensibility-to-house/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Utah senator [[Mike Lee]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glueck |first=Katie |date=July 31, 2013 |title=Paul, Cruz and Lee in rare form |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526180557/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/rand-paul-ted-cruz-mike-lee-095033 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="courier-journal.com"/> and Wyoming senator [[Cynthia Lummis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where the Republican Party stands after Trump, according to Wyoming's junior senator |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/26/cynthia-lummis-new-117th-congress-freshman-members-diversity-2021-484440 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |date=April 26, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308033908/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/26/cynthia-lummis-new-117th-congress-freshman-members-diversity-2021-484440 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Neoconservatives ====
{{main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Neoconservatives}}
{{See also|Neoconservatism|Interventionism (politics)|United States involvement in regime change}}
Neoconservatives are a small faction of the GOP that support an [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist foreign policy]] and increased military spending. They previously held significant influence in the early 2000s in planning the initial response to the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] through the [[War on Terror]].<ref name="Rathburn 2008" /> Since the election of Trump in 2016, neoconservatism has declined and [[non-interventionism]] and [[isolationism]] has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.<ref name="New Fusionism" /><ref name="Rucker 2016">{{cite news |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |author1-link=Philip Rucker |last2=Costa |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Costa (journalist) |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}</ref><ref name="Dodson-Brooks 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Dodson |first1=Kyle |last2=Brooks |first2=Clem |title=All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate |journal=The Sociological Quarterly |date=20 September 2021 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=780–803 |doi=10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348 |s2cid=240577549 |issn=0038-0253|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Republican members of the 118th Congress with neoconservative stances include Senators [[Tom Cotton]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/11/5/7154855/tom-cotton-rand-paul|title=Meet Tom Cotton: Arkansas's next Senator and Rand Paul's worst nightmare|first=Zack|last=Beauchamp|date=November 5, 2014|website=Vox}}</ref> and [[Lindsey Graham]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/lindsey-graham-senate-trump-928948/|title=How Lindsey Graham Lost His Way|first1=Mark|last1=Binelli|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=January 6, 2020}}</ref>

==== Moderates ====
{{Main|Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Moderates}}
{{see also|Center-right politics|Republican Governance Group|Moderate conservatism|Problem Solvers Caucus}}
The moderate faction in the Republican party predominantly comes from the [[Northeastern United States]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/moderate-republican-governor-trump-00107248|title=Sununu's exit spells the end of a whole breed of Republican governor|date=July 19, 2023|website=POLITICO|last=Kashinsky|first=Lisa|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131447/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/19/moderate-republican-governor-trump-00107248|url-status=live}}</ref> and are typically located in [[swing state]]s or [[Red states and blue states|blue states]]. Moderate Republican voters are typically [[Educational attainment in the United States|highly educated]], affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often [[Never Trump movement|Never Trump]].<ref name="Cohn2023" /> While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. [[tax cuts|lower taxes]], [[deregulation]], and [[welfare reform]]), moderate Republicans differ in that some are for [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]],<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Losing Its Preference: Affirmative Action Fades as Issue|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|year=1996|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223165410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa091896.htm|archive-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights and same-sex marriage]], legal access to and even public funding for [[abortion debate|abortion]], [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] laws, more [[environmental regulation]] and action on [[climate change]], fewer restrictions on [[immigration]] and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/liberal.republicans/|title=Analysis: An autopsy of liberal Republicans |first=Alan |last=Silverleib|website=cnn.com|language=en| date=May 6, 2009|access-date=October 14, 2018}}</ref> In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tatum |first1=Sophie |title=3 Kansas legislators switch from Republican to Democrat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/19/politics/kansas-legislature-republican-democrat/index.html |website=CNN |date=December 20, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weiner |first1=Rachel |title=Charlie Crist defends party switch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/12/10/charlie-crist-defends-party-switch/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Susan |title=Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |access-date=June 17, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=August 23, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617124126/https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753404051/meltdown-on-main-street-inside-the-breakdown-of-the-gops-moderate-wing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Notable moderate Republicans include Senators [[Lisa Murkowski]] of Alaska and [[Susan Collins]] of Maine,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/collins-murkowski-key-votes-kavanaugh-confirmation/572407/|title=Two Moderate Senators, Two Very Different Paths|first=Elaina|last=Plott|date=October 6, 2018|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/opinion/collins-murkowski-change-parties.html|title=Opinion - Senators Collins and Murkowski, It's Time to Leave the G.O.P.|first=Susan|last=Faludi|work=The New York Times |date=July 5, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408193-kavanaughs-fate-rests-with-sen-collins/|title=Kavanaugh's fate rests with Sen. Collins|first=Linda|last=Petre|date=September 25, 2018|website=TheHill|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|title=Sen. Lisa Murkowski Could Face Reprisal from Alaska GOP|first1=Griffin|last1=Connolly|date=October 9, 2018|access-date=February 23, 2019|website=rollcall.com|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013657/https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/sen-lisa-murkowski-face-reprisal-alaska-gop|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevada governor [[Joe Lombardo]], Vermont governor [[Phil Scott]], former Massachusetts governor [[Charlie Baker]], and former Maryland governor [[Larry Hogan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-a-massachusetts-republican-became-one-of-americas-most-popular-politicians/|title=How A Massachusetts Republican Became One Of America's Most Popular Politicians|first=Perry|last=Bacon|date=March 30, 2018|website=fivethirtyeight.com|publisher=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507173359/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-a-massachusetts-republican-became-one-of-americas-most-popular-politicians/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/gov-larry-hogan-positions-himself-as-moderate-on-the-national-stage-at-second-inauguration/65-ccd71689-8f8a-4663-af27-07014cb3c929|title=Gov. Larry Hogan positions himself as moderate on the national stage at second inauguration|website=WUSA|date=January 16, 2019|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112322/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/gov-larry-hogan-positions-himself-as-moderate-on-the-national-stage-at-second-inauguration/65-ccd71689-8f8a-4663-af27-07014cb3c929|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/republican-governors-new-england-defy-blue-wave/574726/|title=The Last Liberal Republicans Hang On|first=Parker|last=Richards|date=November 3, 2018|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112034/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/republican-governors-new-england-defy-blue-wave/574726/|url-status=live}}</ref>