Racial segregation in the United States

====2000s====
Dan Immergluck writes that in 2003 small businesses in black neighborhoods still received fewer loans, even after accounting for business density, business size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dan |last=Immergluck |s2cid=153818729 |title=Redlining Redux |journal=[[Urban Affairs Review]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=22–41 |year=2002 |doi=10.1177/107808702401097781 }}</ref> Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gregory D. |last=Squires |s2cid=10070258 |title=Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168 |year=2003 }}</ref> Workers living in American inner-cities have a harder time finding jobs than suburban workers, a factor that disproportionately affects black workers.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities |first1=Yves |last1=Zenou |author1-link=Yves Zenou |first2=Nicolas |last2=Boccard |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=260–285 |doi=10.1006/juec.1999.2166 |year=2000 |citeseerx=10.1.1.70.1487 }}</ref>

[[Rich Benjamin]]'s book, ''[[Searching for Whitopia|Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America]]'', reveals the state of residential, educational, and social segregation.  In analyzing racial and class segregation, the book documents the migration of white Americans from urban centers to small-town, exurban, and rural communities. Throughout the 20th Century, racial discrimination was deliberate and intentional. Today, racial segregation and division result from policies and institutions that are no longer explicitly designed to discriminate. Yet the outcomes of those policies and beliefs have negative, racial impacts, namely with segregation.<ref>[[Rich Benjamin|Benjamin, Rich]]. ''Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America''. (New York: Hachette Books, 2009).</ref>