Puerto Rico

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
<!--|1765=44883
|1775=70250-->
|1800=155426
<!--|1815=220892
|1832=350051
|1846=447914-->
|1860=583308
<!--|1877=731648
|1887=798565-->
|1900=953243
|1910=1118012
|1920=1299809
|1930=1543913
|1940=1869255
|1950=2210703
|1960=2349544
|1970=2712033
|1980=3196520
|1990=3522037
|2000=3808610
|2010=3725789
|2020=3285874
|estyear=
|estimate=
|align-fn=center
|footnote=1765–2020 (*1899 shown as 1900)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml |title=Population History, 1765–2010 |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091032/https://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census2020-Tab2"/>}}
{{Main|Demographics of Puerto Rico|Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico}}
The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by initial [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian settlement]], [[Spanish Empire|European colonization]], [[slavery]], economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States.

===Population makeup===
{{main|Puerto Ricans}}
{{bar box
|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2020 Census)<ref name="2020CensusData"/>
|title bar=#fff
|left1=Ethnicity
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[White Puerto Ricans|White]]|Blue|17.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Puerto Ricans|Black]]|Black|7.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian Puerto Ricans|Asian]]|yellow|0.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]|green|49.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]|orange|0.0}}
{{bar percent|Other races|#9999FF|25.5}}
}}
Puerto Rico was 98.9% Hispanic or Latino in 2020, of that 95.5% were [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] and 3.4% were Hispanic of non-Puerto Rican origins. Only 1.1% of the population was non-Hispanic.<ref>{{cite web | author= ((U.S. Census Bureau)) | title= Profile of general population and housing characteristics | date= 2020 | work= Decennial Census, DEC Demographic Profile, Table DP1, 2020 | type= data table | access-date= November 5, 2023 | url= https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?text=Decennial+census&t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=040XX00US72 | archive-date= 4 October 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231004045500/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?text=Decennial+census&t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=040XX00US72 | url-status= live }}</ref> The population of Puerto Rico according to the 2020 census was 3,285,874, an 11.8% decrease since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="Census2020-Tab2"/> The commonwealth's population peaked in 2000, when it was 3,808,610, before declining (for the first time in census history) to 3,725,789 in 2010.<ref name="Wall">{{cite web |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html |title=Wall Street eyes PR population loss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165520/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |work=Caribbean Business |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Emigration due to economic difficulties and natural disasters, coupled with a low birth rate, have caused the population decline to continue in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/puerto-rico-us-territory-crisis |title=Puerto Rico: A U.S. Territory in Crisis |last1=Cheatham |first1=Amelia |last2=Roy |first2=Diana |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=29 September 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103042405/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/puerto-rico-us-territory-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>

Censuses of Puerto Rico were completed by Spain in 1765, 1775, 1800, 1815, 1832, 1846 and 1857, yet some of the data remained untabulated and was not considered to reliable, according to [[Irene Barnes Taeuber]], an American demographer who worked for the [[Office of Population Research]] at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="Taeuber">{{cite book | last=Taeuber | first=Irene B. | title=General Censuses and Vital Statistics in the Americas | publisher=United States Bureau of the Census | year=1943 | isbn=978-0-87917-036-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvHgRN6N_aMC&pg=PA147 | access-date=24 March 2023 | page=147 | archive-date=24 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324133921/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvHgRN6N_aMC&pg=PA147 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Continuous European immigration and high [[natural increase]] helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 to almost a million by the close of the 19th century. A census conducted by royal decree on 30 September 1858, gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time: 341,015 were [[free people of color|free colored]]; 300,430 were [[white people|white]]; and 41,736 were [[slaves]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Middeldyk |first=R. A |title=The History of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html |access-date=29 May 2008 |chapter=Part 4 |chapter-url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html |isbn=978-0-405-06241-4 |year=1975 |publisher=Arno Press |archive-date=7 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507104158/http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A census in 1887 found a population of around 800,000, of which 320,000 were black.<ref name="Trove">{{cite news | title=Puerto Rico | newspaper=Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916) | date=28 April 1898 | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32192140 | access-date=29 October 2019 | archive-date=28 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043247/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32192140 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Puerto Rico single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|[[Demographics of Puerto Rico|Population age pyramid]] of Puerto Rico in 2020.]]
During the 19th century, hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico, primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]], but also from other parts of Spain such as [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands, including from [[Corsica]], [[France]], [[Lebanon]], [[Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]] and [[Italian people|Italy]]. This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the ''Real Cédula de Gracias de 1815'' ([[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island, provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church.

Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity. The [[2000 United States Census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans identified as white and Latino; few identified as black or some other race.

====Population genetics====
[[File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg|thumb|Population density, Census 2000]]
A group of researchers from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] that revealed that the modern population of Puerto Rico has a high genetic component of Taíno and [[Guanches|Guanche]] (especially of the island of [[Tenerife]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206133647/http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|archive-date=6 February 2010|title=La Comunidad » Documentales Gratis » Un Estudio del Genoma Taino y Guanche. ADN o DNA. Primera parte|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>
Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno.<ref name="native">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0056 |last1=Martínez-Cruzado |first1=J. C. |last2=Toro-Labrador |first2=G. |last3=Ho-Fung |first3=V. |last4=Estévez-Montero |first4=M. A. |last5=Lobaina-Manzanet |first5=A. |last6=Padovani-Claudio |first6=D. A. |last7=Sánchez-Cruz |first7=H. |last8=Ortiz-Bermúdez |first8=P. |last9=Sánchez-Crespo |first9=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico |journal=Human Biology |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |year=2001 |pmid=11512677|s2cid=29125467 }}</ref><ref name="Madrigal">{{cite book |first=Lorena |last=Madrigal |title=Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121 |isbn=978-0-521-81931-2 |year=2006 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111012531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonilla |year=2004 |title=Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City |journal=Hum Genet |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7|display-authors=etal |pmid=15118905|title-link=New York City |s2cid=13708800 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Cruzado |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=131–55 |pmid=15693025 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20108|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% [[West Eurasian]]/[[North Africa]]n (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% [[Sub-Saharan African]] and 11% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133124/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |archive-date=20 July 2014 |work=The Genographic Project |title=Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations}}</ref> Another genetic study, from 2007, claimed that "the average genomewide individual (i.e., Puerto Rican) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66%, 18%, and 16%, for European, West African, and Native American, respectively."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=1 August 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}</ref> Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V|doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Literacy====
A [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in 2012 based on data from the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |title=Demography – Puerto Rico |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 2017 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research, DC |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511221913/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Life expectancy====
Puerto Rico has a life expectancy of approximately 81.0 years according to the CIA World Factbook, an improvement from 78.7 years in 2010. This means Puerto Rico has the second-highest life expectancy in the United States, if territories are taken into account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/|title=The World Factbook: Central America: Puerto Rico |website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105163943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Immigration and emigration===
{| style="float:center;" class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Racial groups
|-
! Year !! Population !! White !! Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African) !! Black !! Asian !! Other
|-
| 2000
| 3,808,610
| 80.5% (3,064,862)
| 11.0% (418,426)
| 8.0% (302,933)
| 0.2% (7,960)
| 0.4% (14,429)
|-
| 2010
| 3,725,789
| 75.8% (2,824,148)
| 11.1% (413,563)
| 12.4% (461,998)
| 0.2% (7,452)
| 0.6% (22,355)
|-
| 2016
| 3,195,153
| 68.9% (2,201,460)
|  n/a (n/a)
| 9.8% (313,125)
| 0.2% (6,390)
| 0.8% (25,561)
|}

The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from [[Latin America]], over half come from the [[Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico|Dominican Republic]]. Dominicans represent 53% of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics, about 1.8% of Puerto Rico's population.<ref name="refworld.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico: Dominicans |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year=2008 |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917070025/http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some illegal immigrants, particularly from Haiti, Dominican Republic,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724041327/http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> and Cuba{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}, use Puerto Rico as a temporary stop-over point to get to the U.S. mainland. Other major sources of recent immigrants include [[Cuba]], [[Colombia]], [[Mexico]], [[Venezuela]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Panama]], [[Ecuador]], [[Spain]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105515/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table |date=19 July 2018 }} Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |title=Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico |author=James Bargent |date=27 March 2017 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021022301/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States, majority of which are [[Non-Hispanic Whites|White Americans]] and a smaller number are [[African Americans| Black Americans]]. In fact, non-hispanic people represent 1.1% and majority of them are from the mainland United States. Smaller numbers of U.S. citizens come from the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. There are also large numbers of [[Nuyorican]]s and other [[stateside Puerto Ricans]] coming back, as many Puerto Ricans engage in 'circular migration'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |access-date=3 June 2015 |work=BBC |date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623111651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |url-status=live }}</ref> Small numbers of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics in Puerto Rico are actually American-born migrants from the mainland United States and not recent immigrants. Most recent immigrants settle in and around the San Juan metropolitan area.

[[Emigration]] is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after [[World War&nbsp;II]], poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States mainland, particularly to the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern states]] and nearby [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210049/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-date=12 February 2020 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |access-date=5 April 2020 }}</ref> This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of "[[circular migration]]", with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=9 February 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627005409/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact of hurricanes [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]] and [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] in 2017, combined with the unincorporated territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago.

According to the 2010 Census, the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico. Emigration exceeds immigration. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy.

Based on 1 July 2019 estimate by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330054937/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Population distribution===
{{Main|List of cities in Puerto Rico}}
The most populous municipality is the capital, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], with 342,259 people based on the [[2020 United States census|2020 Census]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201231936/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major cities include [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico|Bayamón]], [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], and [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. Of the ten most populous cities on the island, eight are located within what is considered [[San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area|San Juan's metropolitan area]], while the other two are located in the south ([[Ponce metropolitan area|Ponce]]) and west ([[Mayagüez metropolitan area|Mayagüez]]) of the island.
{{clear}}

{{Largest cities
|country     = Puerto Rico
|stat_ref    = 2020 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html|title=Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% from 2010 to 2020|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201231936/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Puerto Rico
|div_name    = Metropolitan Statistical Area
|div_link    = Metropolitan Statistical Area<!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field -->
|city_1 = San Juan, Puerto Rico{{!}}San Juan | div_1 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_1 = 342,259 | img_1 = Puerto Rico 07.jpg
|city_2 = Bayamón | div_2 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_2 = 185,187 | img_2 = Bayamon Puerto Rico aerial view.jpg
| city_3 = Carolina, Puerto Rico{{!}}Carolina | div_3 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_3 = 154,815 | img_3 = Islaverdeskyline.jpg
| city_4 = Ponce, Puerto Rico{{!}}Ponce | div_4 = Ponce metropolitan area{{!}}Ponce | pop_4 = 137,491 | img_4 = Partial view of the City of Ponce, looking SSW from Cerro El Vigía, Barrio Portugués Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg
| city_5 = Caguas | div_5 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_5 = 127,244
| city_6 = Guaynabo | div_6 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_6 = 89,780
| city_7 = Arecibo | div_7 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_7 = 87,754
| city_8 = Toa Baja | div_8 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_8 = 75,293
| city_9 = Mayagüez | div_9 = Mayagüez metropolitan area{{!}}Mayagüez | pop_9 = 73,077
| city_10 = Trujillo Alto | div_10 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_10 = 67,740
}}
{{clear}}

===Languages===
{{Main|Puerto Rican Spanish|English language in Puerto Rico}}

The [[official language]]s<ref>"Official Language", ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'', Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.</ref> of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico<ref>Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).</ref> are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. Spanish is, and has been, the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system, despite a 1902 English-only language law.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041859/http://muniz-arguelles.com/resources/The%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Blanguages%2Bin%2BPuerto%2BRico.pdf ''The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.''] Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. c.&nbsp;1988. Page 466. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> However, all official business of the [[U.S. District Court]] for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island, spoken by nearly 95% of the population.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov2">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=307&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |title=U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524214928/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |archive-date=24 May 2017 }}</ref>

Out of people aged five and older, 94.3% speak only Spanish at home, 5.5% speak English, and 0.2% speak other languages.<ref name=":0" />

In Puerto Rico, public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html ''Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831055841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html |date=31 August 2012 }} Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (8 May 2012). Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school. The languages of the deaf community are [[American Sign Language]] and its local variant, [[Puerto Rican Sign Language]].

The [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish of Puerto Rico]] has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. As a product of Puerto Rican history, the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect. Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many [[Taíno language|Taíno]] words, as well as English words. The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is [[Canarian Spanish|that of the Canary Islands]]. Taíno [[loanword]]s are most often used in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena, and native musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily [[Niger–Congo languages|West African languages]] were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html |title=Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2013 |website=Language Education Policy Studies |publisher=International Association for Language Education Policy Studies |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112048/http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/ |title=Key findings about Puerto Rico |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063019/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics |title=Religion in Latin America |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330015000/https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|value1 = 56
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 33
|color2 = DeepSkyBlue
|label3 = Other
|value3 = 3
|color3 = Red
|label4 = [[Irreligious]]
|value4 = 8
|color4 = Black
}}
[[Catholic Church in Puerto Rico|Catholicism]] was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first [[dioceses]] in the Americas, including [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan de Puerto Rico|that of Puerto Rico]], were authorized by [[Pope Julius&nbsp;II]] in 1511.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Porto Rico}}</ref> In 1512, priests were established for the parochial churches. By 1759, there was a priest for each church.<ref name="Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949">{{cite book | author=Puerto Rico. Office of Historian | title=Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos | publisher=Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico | issue=v. 2 | year=1949 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306 | language=es | access-date=4 January 2020 | page=306 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111012634/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> One Pope, [[John Paul&nbsp;II]], visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]] in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center, or [[plaza]].

[[Protestantism in Puerto Rico|Protestantism]], which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime, has reemerged under United States rule, making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries, although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion. The first Protestant church, [[Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad]], was established in Ponce by the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Antigua]] in 1872.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |title=Sobre Nosotros |publisher=Episcopalpr.org |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317153425/http://www.episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |archive-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> It was the first non-Catholic church in the entire [[Spanish Empire]] in [[the Americas]].<ref>Luis Fortuño Janeiro. ''Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).'' Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm |title=La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico |publisher=Preb.com |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717075107/http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches, which would give a Protestant percentage of 46% if the last two populations are combined. Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people. Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants:
<blockquote>Puerto Rico, by virtue of its long political association with the United States, is the most Protestant of Latin American countries, with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent, the majority of whom are [[Pentecostal]]. David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 to 1985 for another twenty-five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical. (Ana Adams: "Brincando el Charco..." in ''Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America'', Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p.&nbsp;164).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.turkcebilgi.com/Protestants+in+Puerto+Rico |title=Protestants in Puerto Rico |publisher=english.turkcebilgi.com |access-date=April 21, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></blockquote>

An [[Associated Press]] article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic" but provided no source for this information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html |title=Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation |author=Associated Press<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 March 2014 |website=FOX News |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[CIA World Factbook]] reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other. Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=Puerto Rico People and Society |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website=CIA Library |publisher=CIA |access-date=17 February 2017 |quote=Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15% |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105163943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion. The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/ |title=Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2013 |last=LÓPEZ |first=Gustavo |date=15 September 2015 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center, DC |access-date=17 February 2017 |quote=Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia or elsewhere, but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico. |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010153809/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Catedral de San Juan Bautista a.jpg|thumb|[[Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista|Cathedral of San Juan]], built between 1535 and 1802.|alt=]]
By 2014, a Pew Research report, with the sub-title ''Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region'', indicated that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic, 33% were Protestant, and 8% were unaffiliated; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |title=Religion in Latin America |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=13 November 2014 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330015000/https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3" />

An [[Eastern Orthodox]] community, the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon's Church is located in Trujillo Alto, and serves the small Orthodox community in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthodoxchurchpr.org/|title=Orthodox Church PR|website=www.orthodoxchurchpr.org|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107101903/https://www.orthodoxchurchpr.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the church entered communion with the Roman Catholic Church, becoming the first [[Eastern Catholic Church]] in Puerto Rico.<ref>[https://parma.org/news/puerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish ''PUERTO RICO WELCOMES FIRST-EVER EASTERN CATHOLIC PARISH''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163941/https://parma.org/news/puerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish |date=6 April 2023 }} Martin Barillas. As published in Horizons, 10 September 2017. Accessed 1 November 2020.</ref> This affiliation accounted for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |title=Welcome |publisher=Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223521/http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |archive-date=4 March 2011 }}</ref> There are two [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Churches]] in the territory the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[Missionary|Mission]] Saint John Climacus in [[San Germán, Puerto Rico|San German]] which is expected to become a full Parish within the coming years and the Saint George [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch|Antiochian Orthodox Church]] in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], both have services in English and Spanish and on available visiting clergy Arabic and Russian might be also used.[https://misionsanjuanclimaco.org/][https://iglesia-ortodoxa-patriarcado-de-antioquia.business.site/] There is a small [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac]] Orthodox church in [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]] which is also the only [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] in the Island and serves a small growing community in the area. In 1940, [[Juanita García Peraza]] founded the [[Mita Congregation]], the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |title=Latin American issues Vol. 3 |publisher=Webpub.allegheny.edu |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221418/http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> [[Taíno people|Taíno religious practices]] have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates.<ref>[https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/puerto-rico/puerto-rican-indigenous-communities-seek-recognition-return-ancestral-lands/en/ ''Puerto Rican Indigenous Communities Seek Recognition, Return of Their Ancestral Lands: The Jíbaro and Taíno indigenous communities are not recognized by the Puerto Rican government. But two organizations dedicated to preserving their respective history and traditions are working to gain recognition as indigenous groups, as well as unrestricted access to their ancestral lands.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023151251/https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/puerto-rico/puerto-rican-indigenous-communities-seek-recognition-return-ancestral-lands/en/ |date=23 October 2020 }} Coraly Cruz Mejias. Global Press Journal. Washington, DC. 14 October 2019. Accessed 23 October 2020.</ref> Similarly, some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents. African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples; in particular, the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] beliefs of [[Santería]] or [[Ifá]], and the [[Kongo people|Kongo]]-derived [[Palo Mayombe]]. Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity. In 1952, a handful of [[American Jews]] established the island's first [[synagogue]]; this religion accounts for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.<ref name="EG">''Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo''; by [[Delma S. Arrigoitia]]; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; {{ISBN|978-0-942347-52-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html |title=Korber House |publisher=Prairieschooltraveler.com |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203424/http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The synagogue, called ''Sha'are Zedeck'', hired its first rabbi in 1954.<ref name="JVL"/> Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, numbering 3000 people,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico |author=Dennis Wasko |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=18 February 2017 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130050/http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico |url-status=live }}</ref> and is the only Caribbean island in which the [[Conservative Jews|Conservative]], [[Reform Jews|Reform]] and [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox Jewish]] movements all are represented.<ref name="JVL">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html |title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226202626/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LN">{{cite web |url=http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |title=Luxner News |publisher=Luxner.com |date=3 August 2004 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203700/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |archive-date=7 November 2005 }}</ref> In 2007, there were about 5,000 [[Muslims]] in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65 |title=Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico |publisher=Institute of Islamic Information and Education |date=8 February 2006 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003145/http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |title=Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims |access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194154/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} Retrieved {{Nowrap|8 June}}, 2009.</ref> Eight [[mosques]] are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in [[Río Piedras]] and [[Caguas]]; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002214355/http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |title=Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico |publisher=Pupr.edu |access-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |title=Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505090834/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 }}</ref> There is also a [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/|title=Home|website=Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707012751/https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/}}</ref> In 2023, [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] dedicated a [[Temple (LDS Church)|temple]] in [[San Juan Puerto Rico Temple|San Juan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=San Juan Puerto Rico Temple {{!}} ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org |url=https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/san-juan-puerto-rico-temple/ |website=Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403182924/https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/san-juan-puerto-rico-temple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and reported having a membership of approximately 23,000 in the commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics and Church Facts {{!}} Total Church Membership |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/puerto-rico |website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517132219/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/puerto-rico |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the 25,832 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] represented about 0.70% of the population, with 324 congregations.<ref>''2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', pp. 184–85</ref> Buddhism in Puerto Rico is represented with [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren]], [[Zen]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]], with the [[Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche|New York Padmasambhava Buddhist Center]] for example having a branch in San Juan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm |title=Budda Net |publisher=Buddhanet.net |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312005910/http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several atheist activist and educational organizations, and an atheistic parody religion called the [[Pastafarian]] Church of Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico |title=Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico |publisher=Facebook |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043318/https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] temple in Gurabo is devoted to [[Krishna]], with two preaching centers in the San Juan metropolitan area.