Oklahoma

==Economy==

{{main|Economy of Oklahoma}}
{{See also|Oklahoma locations by per capita income|List of Oklahoma counties by socio-economic factors}}
[[File:The BOK Building.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[BOK Tower]] of Tulsa, Oklahoma's second-tallest building, serves as the world headquarters for [[Williams Companies]].]]

Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including [[aviation]], energy, transportation equipment, [[food processing]], [[electronics]], and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and [[agriculture|food]].<ref name="Oklahoma's Economy 1" /> The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat.<ref name="agriculture">{{cite web|date=July 3, 2007 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma#.U852SfldVu0 |title=State Fact Sheets: Oklahoma |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111442/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=40&StateName=Oklahoma |archive-date=July 29, 2012 }}</ref> Four [[Fortune 500]] companies and six [[Fortune 1000]] companies are headquartered in Oklahoma,<ref name="Fortune 500">{{cite web| url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/States/Oklahoma/corporations| title= Oklahoma:Corporations |author=globalEDGE Michigan State University | access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation,<ref name="Pro-Business">{{cite web|url=http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?Itemid=383&id=302&option=content&task=view |title=An Overview of Oklahoma's Target Industries |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Commerce |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723103431/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=302&Itemid=383 |archive-date=July 23, 2007 }}</ref> with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|year=2007| first=David | last=Ellis| url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/pf/0704/gallery.tax_friendliest/8.html| title=Tax Friendly Places 2007| publisher=[[CNN|CNN Money]]|access-date=August 8, 2007}}</ref>
* Total employment (2018): 1,385,228
* Number of employer establishments: 93,561<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OK |title=Quickfacts Oklahoma |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 9, 2021 }}</ref>

In 2010, Oklahoma City-based [[Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores]] ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies, Tulsa-based [[QuikTrip]] ranked 37th, and Oklahoma City-based [[Hobby Lobby]] ranked 198th in 2010 report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/21/private-companies-10_rank.html | website=[[Forbes]] |title=America's Largest Private Companies: Complete List | access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> Oklahoma's [[gross domestic product]] grew from $131.9 billion in 2006 to $147.5 billion in 2010, a jump of 10.6 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTableHtml.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7001=1200&7002=1&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=101&7006=01000,02000,04000,05000,06000,08000,09000,10000,11000,12000,13000,15000,16000,17000,18000,19000,20000,21000,22000,23000,24000,25000,26000,|publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis |title=GDP by state current dollars| access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> Oklahoma's gross domestic product per capita was $35,480 in 2010, which was ranked 40th among the states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTableHtml.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7001=11000&7002=1&7003=1000&7004=NAICS&7005=101&7006=01000,02000,04000,05000,06000,08000,09000,10000,11000,12000,13000,15000,16000,17000,18000,19000,20000,21000,22000,23000,24000,25000,26000,27000,28000,29000,30000,31000,32000,33000,34000,35000,36000,37000,38000,39000,40000,41000,42000,44000,45000,46000,47000,48000,49000,50000,51000,53000,54000,55000,56000&7007=2010 |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis| title=Per capita real GDP by state|access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> The state's 2006 [[Per capita personal income in the United States|per capita personal income]] ranked 37th at $32,210, though it has the third-fastest-growing per capita income in the U.S.<ref name="pci">{{cite web| date=March 27, 2007| url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2007/spi0307.htm| title=State Personal Income 2006| publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]]| access-date=August 5, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704133957/http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2007/spi0307.htm| archive-date=July 4, 2007| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Additionally, Oklahoma ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index.<ref>{{cite web|year=2007 |url=http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?ption=content&task=view&id=330&Itemid=411 |title=More or Less |website=Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce |access-date=August 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120142/http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?ption=content&task=view&id=330&Itemid=411 |archive-date=October 6, 2007 }}</ref>

Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a [[1980s oil glut|collapse in the energy industry]] during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark |last=Snead |year=2006 |url=http://economy.okstate.edu/outlook/2006/2006%20Oklahoma%20Economic%20Outlook%20-%20GM%20Closing.pdf |title=Outlook Update—OKC GM Plant Closing |publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]] |access-date=August 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901115547/http://economy.okstate.edu/outlook/2006/2006%20Oklahoma%20Economic%20Outlook%20-%20GM%20Closing.pdf |archive-date=September 1, 2006 }}</ref> Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma's economy in 2007,<ref name="oerb2008" /> and employment in the state's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007.<ref name="employment" /> {{As of|September 2020}}, the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref>

===Industry===

In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million.<ref name="employment" /> The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transportation and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the sectors of education, business, and [[manufacturing]], providing 207,800, 177,400, and 132,700 jobs, respectively.<ref name="employment">{{cite web |date=July 1, 2011|url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ok.htm| title= Oklahoma Economy at a Glance| publisher=United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics| access-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually.<ref name="Pro-Business" />

Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for [[American Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com/content/amrcorp/pressReleases/2005_03/03_tulmebase.jhtml |title=American's TUL Maintenance & Engineering Base Sets Goal to Achieve $500 Million in Revenue, Cost Savings By End of 2006 |publisher=American Airlines |access-date=July 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001063528/http://www.aa.com/content/amrcorp/pressReleases/2005_03/03_tulmebase.jhtml |archive-date=October 1, 2005 }}</ref> In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing.<ref name="Oklahoma's Economy 1">{{cite web|url=http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Oklahoma_At_A_Glance_0602061749.pdf |title=Oklahoma at a Glance |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Commerce |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074214/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Oklahoma_At_A_Glance_0602061749.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref> Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.<ref name="Pro-Business" />

The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing [[biotechnology]] industries in the nation.<ref name="Pro-Business" /> In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005|url=http://www.traderoots.org/FOT/IOT/IOT07_OK.pdf| title= Impact of Trade in Oklahoma| publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce|access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074216/http://www.traderoots.org/FOT/IOT/IOT07_OK.pdf |archive-date = August 8, 2007}}</ref> Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioner manufacturing are the state's largest manufacturing industries.<ref>{{cite web|year=2005 |url=http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Manufacturing_Cluster_Report_2908051623.pdf |title=Manufacturing Cluster Analysis |publisher=Oklahoma Chamber of Commerce |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808074218/http://staging.okcommerce.gov/test1/dmdocuments/Manufacturing_Cluster_Report_2908051623.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref>

===Energy===

[[File:oil well.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A major oil-producing state, Oklahoma is the fifth-largest producer of crude oil in the United States.<ref name="oerb2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.oerb.com/Portals/0/docs/State%20Oil%20Gas%20Impact%20Draft%2020080916.pdf |publisher=Oklahoma Energy Resource Board |year=2008 |title=The Economic Impact of Oklahoma's Oil & Natural Gas Industry |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413062127/http://www.oerb.com/Portals/0/docs/State%20Oil%20Gas%20Impact%20Draft%2020080916.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2012 }}</ref>]]

Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of [[natural gas]], and its fifth-largest producer of crude oil. The state also has the second-greatest number of active [[drilling rig]]s,<ref name="oerb2008" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BHI/1397226957x0x500788/8852C779-8393-43D1-B07F-C68A059D9307/Rigs_by_State_091611.pdf |publisher=Baker Hughes |title=Baker Hughes Rotary Rigs by State |access-date=July 2, 2016}}</ref> and it is even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pdf/OKO&GLocal.pdf |author=Oklahoma Geological Survey |title=Oklahoma Oil and Natural Gas: Components and Long-Term Outlook| access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> While the state was ranked eighth for installed [[Wind power|wind energy]] capacity in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/docs/installed_wind_capacity_by_state.xls |author=United States Department of Energy |title=Installed Wind Capacity by State |access-date=October 22, 2011 |format=xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016123819/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/docs/installed_wind_capacity_by_state.xls |archive-date=October 16, 2011 |author-link=United States Department of Energy }}</ref> it still was at the bottom of states in usage of [[renewable energy]] in 2009, with 94% of its electricity being generated by [[Non-renewable energy|non-renewable]] sources in 2009, including 25% from coal and 46% from natural gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_btu_1.html |title=Oklahoma Energy Statistics |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |year=2009 |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113125936/http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum%2Fhtml%2Fsum_btu_1.html |archive-date=January 13, 2012 }}</ref>

Ten years later in 2019, 53.5% of electricity was produced from [[natural gas]] and 34.6% from [[wind power]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oklahoma Wind Farms Mapped|periodical=StateImpact Oklahoma {{!}} Environment, Education, Energy, Health and Justice: Policy to People|publisher=Oklahoma Public Media Exchange|url=https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2018/09/06/oklahoma-wind-farms-mapped/|last=Joe Wertz|date=September 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/plain_html/rank_use_per_cap.html |title=Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2009 |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |year=2009 |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212855/http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum%2Fplain_html%2Frank_use_per_cap.html |archive-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref> the state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/state-regs/pdf/Oklahoma.pdf |author=Institute for Energy Research |title=Oklahoma Energy Facts |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613033035/http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/state-regs/pdf/Oklahoma.pdf |archive-date=June 13, 2012 }}</ref>

==== Oil, gas, and coal ====
As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of the state's oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income.<ref name="oerb2008" /> In 2009, the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning {{convert|65.374|Moilbbl|m3}} of crude oil.<ref name="okcorpcommish">{{cite web|url=http://www.occeweb.com/og/2010og_report.pdf |publisher=Oklahoma Corporation Commission |title= 2009 Report on Oil and Natural Gas Activity within the State of Oklahoma |year=2009 |access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> A tabulated 8.5% of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with {{convert|1.673|Tcuft|km3}} being produced in 2009.<ref name="okcorpcommish" />

The Oklahoma Stack Play is a geographic referenced area in the Anadarko Basin. The oil field "Sooner Trend", Anadarko basin and the counties of Kingfisher and Canadian make up the basis for the "Oklahoma STACK". Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaleexperts.com/plays/stack-scoop/Overview?menu|title=STACK & SCOOP Overview—Maps—Geology—Counties|website=www.shaleexperts.com}}</ref>

According to ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, Oklahoma City-based [[Devon Energy|Devon Energy Corporation]], [[Chesapeake Energy|Chesapeake Energy Corporation]], and [[SandRidge Energy|SandRidge Energy Corporation]] are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation,<ref name="OK Energy 5">{{cite web |date=December 2, 2005|url=http://www.okcommerce.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=286| title= Three of America's Largest Private Companies Call Oklahoma Home| publisher=Oklahoma Department of Commerce| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> and all Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related.<ref name="Fortune 500" /> Tulsa's [[ONEOK]] and [[Williams Companies]] are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second- and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] magazine.<ref name="Devon" /> The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and [[Oklahoma Gas & Electric]] ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company.<ref name="Devon">{{cite news |year=2007|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/snapshots/1866.html| title= Three Fortune's Snapshot: Devon energy| publisher=CNN| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref>

Oklahoma Gas & Electric, commonly referred to as OG&E (NYSE: OGE) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in [[Muskogee, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], and the other in [[Red Rock, Oklahoma|Red Rock]]. Two are gas-fired power plants: one in [[Harrah, Oklahoma|Harrah]] and the other in [[Konawa, Oklahoma|Konawa]]. OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003.<ref name="OG&E Energy">{{cite web| date=2012| url=http://www.oge.com/about/History/Pages/home.aspx| title=OG&E Energy, A History of Positive Energy| publisher=OG&E Energy| access-date=December 15, 2013| archive-date=December 16, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216014020/http://www.oge.com/about/History/Pages/home.aspx}}</ref>

==== Nuclear power ====
Oklahoma had no operational nuclear power plants as of March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma |url=https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/region-state/oklahoma.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=NRC Web |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1973, the [[Public Service Company of Oklahoma]] proposed the [[Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant]] near [[Inola, Oklahoma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=NU001 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Oklahoma Historical Society {{!}} OHS}}</ref> Protestors disrupted project construction in 1979, several months after the [[Three Mile Island accident]], and the project was cancelled in 1982 after nine years of legal challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-13 |title=Recent oil shock resurges interest in Oklahoma nuclear plant {{!}} OKG Scene.com |url=http://www.okgazette.com/p/12776/a/3540/Default.aspx?ReturnUrl=LwBEAGUAZgBhAHUAbAB0AC4AYQBzAHAAeAAslashAHAAPQAxADIANwAyADkA |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313005202/http://www.okgazette.com/p/12776/a/3540/Default.aspx?ReturnUrl=LwBEAGUAZgBhAHUAbAB0AC4AYQBzAHAAeAAslashAHAAPQAxADIANwAyADkA |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahomans prevent completion of Black Fox Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/oklahomans-prevent-completion-black-fox-nuclear-plant-1973-1982 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu}}</ref>

====Wind generation====
{{main|Wind power in Oklahoma}}

===Agriculture===

The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat.<ref name="agriculture" /><ref name="ag">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.ok.us/~okag/ |title=A Welcome From The Commissioner |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry |access-date=August 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530220430/http://www.state.ok.us/~okag/ |archive-date=May 30, 2007 }}</ref> Approximately 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the state produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of dairy products.<ref name="agriculture" />

The state had 85,500 farms in 2012, collectively producing $4.3 billion in animal products and fewer than one billion dollars in crop output with more than $6.1 billion added to the state's gross domestic product.<ref name="agriculture" /> Poultry and swine are its second- and third-largest agricultural industries.<ref name="ag" />