News

==News agencies==
{{Main|News agency}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F079071-0007, Bonn, Nachrichtenagentur Reuters.jpg|thumb|Reuters office in Bonn, Germany, 1988]]
News agencies are services which compile news and disseminate it in bulk. Because they disseminate information to a wide variety of clients, who repackage the material as news for public consumption, news agencies tend to use less controversial language in their reports. Despite their importance, news agencies are not well known by the general public. They keep low profiles and their reporters usually do not get bylines.<ref name=MacGregor /><ref name=JohnstonForde>{{cite journal | last1 = Johnston | first1 = Jane | last2 = Forde | first2 = Susan | title = "The Silent Partner: News Agencies and 21st Century News"; | journal = International Journal of Communication | volume = 5 | year = 2011 }}</ref>

The oldest news agency still operating is the [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP).<ref>{{cite book |last=Broderick |first=James F. |author2=Darren W. Miller  |title=Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web |year=2007 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |isbn=978-0-910965-77-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/considersourcecr0000brod/page/1 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/considersourcecr0000brod|url-access=registration }}</ref> It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and [[Advertising agency|advertising agent]], [[Charles-Louis Havas]] as [[Agence Havas]]. By the end of the twentieth century, [[Reuters]] far outpaced the other news agencies in profits, and became one of the largest companies in Europe.<ref>Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, ''The Globalization of News'' (1998), p. 2; Oliver Boyd-Barrett, "'Global' News Agencies", in Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, ''The Globalization of News'' (1998), p. 28.</ref> In 2011, Thomson Reuters employed more than 55,000 people in 100 countries, and posted an annual revenue of $12.9 billion.<ref name=MacGregor />

[[United Press International]] gained prominence as a world news agency in the middle of the twentieth century, but shrank in the 1980s and was sold off at low prices. It is owned by the [[Unification Church]] company [[News World Communications]].

News agencies, especially Reuters and the newly important [[Bloomberg News]], convey both news stories for mass audiences and financial information of interest to businesses and investors.<ref name=OBB21 /><ref name=Ewha>John Bartram Ewha, "News Agency Wars: the battle between Reuters and Bloomberg"; ''Journalism Studies'' 4.3 (2003).</ref> Bloomberg LP, a private company founded by [[Michael Bloomberg]] in 1981, made rapid advances with computerized stock market reporting updated in real time. Its news service continued to exploit this electronic advantage by combining computer-generated analytics with text reporting. Bloomberg linked with Agence France Presse in the 1990s.<ref name=Ewha />

Following the marketization of the Chinese economy and the media boom of the 1990s, [[Xinhua]] has adopted some commercial practices including subscription fees, but it remains government-subsidized. It provides newswire, news photos, economic information, and audio and video news. Xinhua has a growing number of subscribers, totaling 16,969 in 2002, including 93% of Chinese newspapers.<ref name=XinXin /> It operates 123 foreign bureaus and produces 300 news stories each day.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hong | first1 = Junhao | title = "From the World's Largest Propaganda Machine to a Multipurposed Global News Agency: Factors in and Implications of Xinhua's Transformation Since 1978"; | journal = Political Communication | volume = 28 | issue = 3| pages = 377–393 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1080/10584609.2011.572487 | s2cid = 143208781 }}</ref>

Other agencies with considerable reach include [[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] (Germany), [[Kyodo News]] (Japan), the ''[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]]'' (Italy), the [[Middle East News Agency]] (Egypt), [[Tanjug]] (Serbia), [[EFE]] (Spain), and [[Anadolu Agency]] (Turkey).<ref>Hachten, ''World News Prism'' (1996), p. 38.</ref>

On the internet, [[news aggregators]] play a role similar to that of the news agency—and, because of the sources they select, tend to transmit news stories which originate from the main agencies. Of articles displayed by [[Yahoo! News]] in the U.S., 91.7% come from news agencies: 39.4% from AP, 30.9% AFP, and 21.3% Reuters. In India, 60.1% of Yahoo! News stories come from Reuters. [[Google News]] relies somewhat less on news agencies, and has shown high volatility, in the sense of focusing heavily on the most recent handful of salient world events.<ref name=Watanabe2013 /> In 2010, Google News redesigned its front page with automatic geotargeting, which generated a selection of local news items for every viewer.<ref>Lisa M. George & Christiaan Hogendorn, "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2357586 Local News Online: Aggregators, Geo-Targeting and the Market for Local News]"; 1 November 2013.</ref>