Martin Luther

===On Islam===
{{Further|Protestantism and Islam}}
[[File:OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg|thumb|The 16th century battle between the Turks and the Christians]]
At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, [[Suleiman the Magnificent#Conquests in Europe|Suleiman the Magnificent]] was [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|besieging Vienna]] with a vast [[Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire#1520–1566: Suleiman the Magnificent|Ottoman]] army.<ref>Mallett, 198; Marius, 220. The siege was lifted on 14 October 1529, which Luther saw as a divine miracle.</ref> Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 ''Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses'', provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a [[Scourge#Metaphoric use|scourge]] sent by God to punish Christians, as agents of the biblical [[Apocalypse#End of the age|apocalypse]] that would destroy the [[Antichrist#Protestant Reformation|Antichrist]], whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church.<ref>Andrew Cunningham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hLxDnAMaUgQC&pg=PA141 ''The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074525/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLxDnAMaUgQC&pg=PA141 |date=22 November 2022 }}, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-521-46701-2}}, 141; Mullett, 239–240; Marty, 164.</ref> He consistently rejected the idea of a [[European wars of religion#Schmalkaldic Wars and other early conflicts|Holy War]], "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name".<ref>From ''[[On War against the Turk]]'', 1529, quoted in William P. Brown, [https://books.google.com/books?id=87hQ2AjcttEC&pg=PA258 ''The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness''], Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-664-22323-0}}, 258; Lohse, 61; Marty, 166.</ref> On the other hand, in keeping with his [[Two kingdoms doctrine#In Lutheran theology|doctrine of the two kingdoms]], Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.<ref>Marty, 166; Marius, 219; Brecht, 2:365, 368.</ref> In 1526, he argued in ''Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace'' that national defence is reason for a just war.<ref>Mullett, 238–239; Lohse, 59–61.</ref> By 1529, in ''[[On War against the Turk]]'', he was actively urging Emperor Charles&nbsp;V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks.<ref>Brecht, 2:364.</ref>
He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance.<ref>Wilson, 257; Brecht, 2:364–365.</ref> Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".<ref>Brecht, 2:365; Mullett, 239.</ref>

In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the [[Quran translations#Latin|Qur'an]].<ref>Brecht, 3:354.</ref> He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on [[Islam]], which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk".<ref>Daniel Goffman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA109 ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074511/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA109 |date=22 November 2022 }}, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-521-45908-7}}, 109; Mullett, 241; Marty, 163.</ref> Though Luther saw the Muslim religion as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live."<ref>From ''On war against the Turk'', 1529, quoted in Roland E. Miller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&pg=PA208 ''Muslims and the Gospel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074516/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&pg=PA208 |date=22 November 2022 }}, Minneapolis: Kirk House Publishers, 2006, {{ISBN|1-932688-07-2}}, 208.</ref> He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.<ref>Brecht, 3:355.</ref>